The Relationship between Faith and Reason

â€Å"Faith and Reason resemble two wings on which the human soul ascends to the consideration of truth† Explain the threats for a scholar when confidence and reason are separated from one another. Use at any rate one case of a Christian instructing that shows the concordance of confidence and reason The amicability of confidence and reason are the grounds whereupon numerous Christian lessons are constructed. This relationship improves components of the two develops, anyway the peril of isolating explanation from confidence is that reason will try to demonstrate truly and most coherently which would make a definitive objective and question be lost in thought and, then again, isolating confidence from reason would make confidence be seen as insignificant tale or strange notion. The two must coordinate in equivalent combination all together for the human soul to ascend to the consideration of truth as proposed in the encyclical letter ‘Fides et Ratio’ by the late preeminent pontiff Pope John Paul II. Reason could be just characterized as the obvious end result drawn from strict events or the affirmed idea of a convention or practice. Anyway more components of Reason remain constant notwithstanding the possibility of something that can be ‘proven’. Reason is commonly comprehended as the principals for a methodological request, regardless of whether scholarly, good, tasteful or strict. 1 Any obtaining of scholarly information, through either direct understanding or contention is a portrayal of ‘reason’ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Hebrews 11:1 states that â€Å"faith is in effect certain about what we trust in and sure of what we don't see†. The premise of confidence is generally adjusted from the authority of disclosure whether that be immediate (God talking legitimately to an individual), or circuitous (books of the holy book, messages by clerics, and so on). Confidence portrays a trust in God and his vows to his kin. Pope John Paul II expressed that through Christian lessons, what people can't see or contact is affirmed by faith2 Pope John Paul II, not just tends to the misleading statements of present day rationalists, yet offers a cure by exhibiting reality of the Aristotelian or Tomistic perspective, demonstrating that confidence and science are in no way, shape or form in opposition to each other, yet that it’s fundamental for the movement of humanityâ€of any kindâ€that confidence and science (or reason) be utilized together. 3 The division of the two reason a disarray, recently experienced by thinkers, that areas confidence and science/reason as two separated substances. Survey this separation in its least difficult arrangement, the human scholar deduces that for one to be dedicated to God, and a strict being, they should dismiss all components of reason and submit exclusively to the ideas of confidence. On the other hand, one who might have confidence in a more noteworthy level of reason must be skeptic as any dismissal of God is characteristically a dismissal of confidence itself. As the world creates and people become increasingly educated, it gets difficult to deny certain realities; anyway this turns into a peril to every single strict network as by least complex suspecting, confiding in any proof is seen as a dismissal of trust in God. In this lies the threats for scholars; earlier obviously to John Paul II’s Fides et Ratio 2 3 Fides et Ratio, John Paul II Catholic Champion that recognizes that â€Å"reason and confidence can't be isolated without lessening the limit of people to know themselves, the world and God in a fitting way †¦There is subsequently no explanation behind rivalry of any sort among reason and confidence: each contains the other, and each has its own extension for action† As people, we should emotionally reason inside our own specific circumstances and established understandings of the world which we live, along these lines this will assist us with taking part in our confidence to comprehend the world we watch. 4 Noticeably it tends to be comprehended that confidence, convention and thinking are entwined inside each other, you can't have one without the other and every one of the 3 components are fundamental segments in understanding and living ones confidence. The agreement of confidence and reason is best observed through the narrative of creation. â€Å"By confidence we comprehend that the universe was framed at God’s order, with the goal that what is seen was not made out of what was visible†5. This entry features the noteworthiness of the commitments from both confidence and reason through Genesis and the early books of the holy book to the legitimacy of conviction. Plato had a go at clarifying man’s position on the planet and the start within recent memory through the purposeful anecdote of the austere cavern. In the least complex structure, the cavern presents the setting whereupon a play of shadows happens. The men in the cavern watch this play being executed from a light source as the main reality they know. While gossipy tidbits flare of an outside ‘world’ the play proceeds, and ‘reason’ makes hypothesis over what is going to occur straightaway and speculations are created with respect to the reason. After some time, reason will clarify most parts of the show, however would just hold 4 5 Fides et Ratio, John Paul II 94 Hebrews 11:3 vidence enough to comprehend the soonest snapshots of the show. To arrive at full truth, confidence should be acquainted with really put stock in the underlying wellspring of light. Besides to the possibility, confidence and reason question what occurs if the light sources goes out; for the play won't â€Å"die† as death is just a comprehended component of the play. Nobody was around at the hour of creation and nobody has an immediate information on what occurred; so reason can't affirm whether God did it. In any case, reason recommends that the universe is working and in this way more likely than not had a start. It is complicatedly planned, from the fundamental laws of material science to the mind boggling unpredictability of the human cerebrum. Regardless of whether an individual glances at the excellence and shouts, â€Å"There must be a God! † or whether that individual needs to plunk down and compute the likelihood of these things occurring by some coincidence, the finish of the fair searcher is that nature doesn't account for itself. Moreover the sensible confidence in Genesis 1:1, â€Å"In the starting God made the Heavens and the Earth† is a sheer advance of confidence instead of an ignorant cut in obscurity. The thoughts and hypotheses of past rationalists have extraordinarily influenced the separation among confidence and reason anyway John Paul II’s Fides et Ratio has altogether helped the congregation and her kin comprehend and feel good with the idea of a ‘circle’ holding the two substances together in a solid association where one feeds off the other. Scholars face a peril when figuring restricted to the late pope’s conversation as the idea draws inconsistencies and disarray from devotees that prompts the suspicion that they are not exactly loyal according to God for thinking about sensible and demonstrated proof. Olsen, Ross Faith and Reason: What is the Relationship?

Laser Tattoo Removal Essay Example

Laser Tattoo Removal Paper My crowd will comprehend the historical backdrop of tattoo evacuation just as how cutting edge laser tattoo expulsion functions and the best contender for laser tattoo evacuation. Theme: Strategy: Explanation. Limited: (1) History of tattoo expulsion; (2) How laser tattoo evacuation works; (3) Laser tattoo evacuation results Ethos: Primary: I am an Aesthetician and work for Dr. Imprint Taylor. Tattoo expulsion is one of the most widely recognized laser medications we perform every day at the Gateway Esthetic Institute.Secondary: I refer to different references in addition to photographs and a video of the technique being done (if time permits). Crowd Assessment: A determination of my crowd in all probability has had a tattoo or known somebody with a tattoo that they do not need anymore. I will additionally teach my crowd on the tattoo evacuation procedure and who the best possibility for the system is. Adjustment to Audience: Many crowd individuals either have tattoos or have conside red getting a tattoo, however what they aren’t mindful of is the way toward getting a tattoo removed.I will utilize pictures just as data from the dermatologist I work with to instruct the crowd of what they can anticipate from the tattoo expulsion process. Opening Strategy (snare): Informative Key Word Outline: Laser Tattoo Removal Introduction Hook:It may have appeared to be a smart thought at first, however years, months or even perhaps just a couple of hours after the fact the lament is settling in and you are asking yourself â€Å"what would i say i was thinking, getting a tattoo? † Maybe it’s he situation you are discontent with, or conceivable the shading or picture, whatever it might be making you reexamine your â€Å"brilliant† thought, you aren’t alone. As per WebMD it is evaluated that near 10% of the U. S. populace has a type of tattoo, and in the end the same number of as half of them need it evacuated. Fortunate for that half of indiv iduals, with the new laser tattoo evacuation strategies, specialists can help individuals of any age free themselves of something that they no longer need on their bodies. I will currently clarify the history, procedure and reactions and consequences of laser tattoo removal.Thesis: Most of us know the way toward getting a tattoo, yet what we aren’t as acquainted with is the way toward getting a tattoo expelled. I will clarify the history, procedure and reactions and consequences of laser tattoo evacuation. See: †¢ How tattoos were expelled before laser tattoo evacuation was created †¢ How does laser tattoo expulsion work †¢ What are the reactions and consequences of tattoo expulsion Transition: To investigate the long history of tattoo evacuation, I talked with dermatologist Dr. Imprint Taylor at the Gateway Esthetic Institute. Body: I.Dr. Imprint Taylor says that tattoo evacuation goes back to antiquated Egyptian occasions; anyway in present day society, up un til the most recent decade, tattoo expulsion was frequently difficult and left unattractive scarring. A. The accompanying tattoo evacuation forms occurred before laser tattoo expulsion came around. 1. Removing the skin containing the tattoo ink-which now and then is as yet done if the tattoo can not be treated with the laser. 2. Dermabrasion Salabrasion-sanding/sanding salting of the skin-Historically this is the most well-known approach to evacuate a tattoo.The thought being to damage the skin and afterward applying aggravations to draw out the tattoo ink. A quickly turning precious stone fraise wheel or a wire brush 3. Laser vaporization-wearing out the skin 4. Substance strips B. Side effects of tattoo expulsion without a laser 1. Dermabrasion has a high danger of scarring and loss of ordinary skin shade Severely difficult 2. Danger of disease 3. All strategies are difficult Transition: Now let’s investigate laser tattoo evacuation. Laser tattoo expulsion was at first perf ormed with nonstop frequency when it was first discharged on the market.It was then changed to a Q-Switched Laser (what is at present utilized), which opened up in the 90’s. II. How does the laser really evacuate tattoos A. The site howstuffworks. com sums up how the laser tattoo evacuation process functions in basic terms. The article depicts that the laser works by creating short beats of exceptional light that go innocuously through the top layers of the skin to be specifically consumed by the tattoo shade. 1. Laser Energy causes the tattoo shade to section into littler particles 2.The particles are later tidied up by the body’s common resistant procedure 3. Just color from the tattoo is focused with the laser-The skin encompassing the tattoo is safe 4. By and large, most tattoos can be expelled in 5-15 center visits B. In spite of the fact that it’s called tattoo expulsion, totally evacuating a tattoo can be troublesome. In the event that you’ve set t hat sweet section of verse on your neck or chest in dark or red ink, you’re in karma. In any case, the itty-bitty tweedy-winged animal tattoo on your foot or wrist in specific shades of green, purple or blue will be substantially more difficult. . Fluctuates with the sort of tattoo, the shade of the ink, the thickness of the color, the size and profundity of the tattoo, and the body’s response to the treatment. 2. Dark ink is commonly the most straightforward shading to treat. Multi-hued tattoos, particularly those with yellow and other irregular hues might be hard to totally evacuate 3. Tattoos closer to the heart with expanded blood flexibly, react all the more rapidly to treatment 4. On the off chance that you are going back and forth about saying so long to your exes name on your shoulder bone, it might profit you to hold up a touch of longer.According to dermatologist Dr. Will Kirby and furthermore visitor star on LA Ink says, more seasoned tattoo’s are sim pler to evacuate than fresh out of the box new ones. â€Å"Some individuals get a tattoo at 10 toward the beginning of the day and they need it evacuated by 11, however you’ve got the opportunity to hold up in any event a month and a half before your first laser treatment. † Transition: Now that we know about how laser tattoo evacuation functions, let’s examine the million dollar question, â€Å"does it hurt†, just as the pos-treatment contemplations. III. Does laser tattoo expulsion hurt? A. As per Dr. Imprint Taylor, the effect of the vitality from the laser’s owerful beat of light has been portrayed as like getting hot spots of bacon lubed on your skin or being snapped by a dainty elastic band. The quick heartbeats produced from the laser may feel distinctive to every patient. â€Å"The awful thing about tattoos is that both getting them and having them taken off can be awkward. † B. To additionally diminish the torment, the doctors sugge st one of the accompanying choices: 1. Topical sedative cream applied to the zone an hour prior to treatment 2. Nearby sedative infused into the tattoo preceding treatmentC. What occurs after laser evacuation is performed 1. Promptly following treatment, the tattoo will have a whitish appearance, build up some growing, rankling, and may have pinpoint draining 2. Anti-toxin balm and a swathe are applied 3. The treated zone will take around fourteen days to mend and will start to blur 4. You can look forward completing the agonizing strategy again in 4 two months D. Ordinarily the main genuine side effect’s to laser tattoo expulsion is fragmented evacuation of the tattoo just as the high cost of the treatment Conclusion:You may now ask yourself is getting a tattoo worth the cash and bother? It’s truly up to you. A few people truly make the most of their tattoos and save them forever, while others may lament that they followed up without much forethought and didn’t contemplate it before they got one. Presently you that you have a comprehension of the tattoo expulsion process you might have the option to settle on a more idea out choice, or on account of you previously having a tattoo you currently realize what goes in to getting it off! References: â€Å"Laser Tattoo Removal. † WebMD. 12 June 2012.

UK University Reputations Slipping

UK University Reputations Slipping The OE Blog According to the Times Higher Education magazine, the reputation of UK universities is already suffering from the onslaught of immense government cuts and trebled tuition fees. The rankings, compiled annually, rate universities worldwide according to their ‘reputation’ for academic excellence. The table, formed from the opinions of 17,000 academics, is an accurate indicator of the general perception of universities amongst the global academic community. This year it shows that international confidence in the academic excellence of British universities is already on the slide. Whilst Cambridge and Oxford Universities predictably manage to hang on to their third and sixth places respectively, no other UK universities feature in the top 10 and others that managed to reach the top 100 last year have slid rapidly down the rankings. This trend seems to confirm UK academics’ fears that whilst the budget cuts and tuition fees chaos would not affect the robust reputation of the elite Oxbridge two, other universities would not escape unscathed. In total just 10 UK universities remain in the top 100. London universities fared particularly badly, with Imperial College London and University College London both slipping down the rankings, whilst elsewhere the Universities of Bristol and Edinburgh, well respected in the UK, also fell to lower places. Meanwhile, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the University of Sheffield both dropped so low that they exited the rankings altogether. Chinese and Japanese universities leapt up the rankings along with several European countries such as Germany, whose higher education institutions have gone from strength to strength. The general consensus of academics analysing the table has been that these successful climbers owe their progress to increased investment in higher education, such as the German government’s ‘excellence initiative’. Meanwhile UK analysts painted a bleak picture of future academic prospects, with Wendy Piatt, director general of the elite Russell Group of universities pointing to budget cuts and the coalition government’s higher education policy as the reasons for our poor performance. Piatt told the Times Higher Education guide that “our global competitors…are pumping billions into higher education, and money really matters.” Other respected academic figures agreed, with University and College Union general secretary Sally Hunt warning that “secure and sustained funding” will be desperately needed by UK universities if they are to maintain their position alongside their global competitors.

The First Confiscation Act Of September 1862 - 1900 Words

With this knowledge Congress passed Major General Benjamin F. Butler quick thinking into a policy, the First Confiscation Act, in August of 1861 which stated that the federal government had authority to seize any property owned by the Confederates which included slaves. By March the following year, an Article of War was produced which prohibited any military or naval services from returning run-away or fugitive slaves to their respective masters, nullifying the Fugitive Acts all together. When the Second Confiscation Act was announced in July of 1862 it â€Å"declared ‘forever free’ Confederate-owned slaves who made their way to federal lines or who resided in rebellious territory that fell to federal forces† (Luke and Smith 2014, 14). Also in the bill, was the legitimisation of the â€Å"president to utilise ‘persons of African descent’ in any way that he considered ‘necessary and proper for the suppression of the rebellion’† (Luk e and Smith 2014, 14). Thus the Militia Act of July 1862, which â€Å"gave Lincoln carte blanche† (Luke and Smith 2014, 14) to make use of black resources. Although these acts were issued with the intention of blacks serving as military labour it gave way to many possibilities. The first to act on these possibilities was Major General Jon C. Frà ©mont, in August 1861, who emancipated the slaves of Missouri rebels. By late August, following him, but surpassing freeing slaves, â€Å"Republican U.S. senator and brigadier general James H. ‘Jim’ Lane, a Free-Soiler andShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1183 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Lizzy Cook HIS 103 17 November 2015 Before the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, the Civil War had been going on for two years. UNION VICTORIES The Emancipation Proclamation was signed on September 22, 1862, but it did not take effect until January 1, 1863 (Emancipation Proclamation 1863). This took place during the Civil War, which was fought between the Union States and the Confederate States of America. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves, becauseRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Civil War1030 Words   |  5 Pagesborder slave states would support abolition as a war aim. As a Republican, he wished to eliminate it from the territories as the first step to putting the institution â€Å"in the course of ultimate extinction.† But as president of the United States, Lincoln was destined by the Constitution that protected slavery in any state where citizens wanted it. In September of 1862, after the Union’s victory at Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary decree stating that, unless the rebellious states returned toRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation And Its Consequences1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rumour that he would mount an attack on slavery. At the outbreak of fighting, he pledged to restore the Union, but accept slavery where it existed , with Congress supporting his position via the Crittendon-Johnson Resolutions. However, during 1862 Lincoln was persuaded for a number of reasons that Negro emancipation as a war measure was both essential and sound. Public opinion seemed to be going that way, Negro slaves were helping the Southern war effort, and a string of defeats had left NorthernRead MoreSignificance And Impact Of The Emancipation Proclamation1658 Words   |  7 PagesBattle of Sharpsburg, was a key war battle that was very necessary to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, due to the major Union  ¨victory ¨ against th e Confederacy. The Battle of Antietam took place on September 17, 1862, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. This war was very significant because it was the first battle to take place on Union ground (Sears). In addition, this key war battle helped help give support to Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. For example, Historians at the Council of ForeignRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1258 Words   |  6 Pagesscouts. Later the U.S. Congress would admit Union troops to seize any property, which included enslaved Africans. This law was call the Confiscation Act, and allowed Africans that were being used, by the Confederates, to be free. Freeing Africans being used by the Confederates, ultimately gave President Lincoln an idea, to free all slaves. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln produced the Emancipation Proclamation. Once again, many people do not know the truth about history. The Emancipation ProclamationRead MoreLincoln s Rights Of Slavery1730 Words   |  7 Pagest hought he did not the given power to end slavery and furthermore because the constitution protected slavery, yet he interfered with this institution after his 1860 election. Though Lincoln had no plan â€Å"to interfere† with slavery when the war started, by 1862 Lincoln understood that in order to save the Union and win the war, he had authority as commander in chief to emancipate all the slaves in the Confederate States, where the states were in a status of rebellion. Abraham Lincoln naturally hated slaveryRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War960 Words   |  4 PagesMay 25, 1862 struck panic into the North. The battle took place at Winchester and the â€Å"Confederates drove Bank’s routed division in precipitate flight all the way across the Potomac into Maryland† (McPherson 42). The Confederates were led by â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson, who was known to be very intelligent and sneaky while the Union was being led by Nathaniel Banks who was a â€Å"political general†. Also, one topic that is very crucial to the Civil War is slavery. 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Although by 1862, when slaves went up North, Lincoln was persuaded that abolishment of slavery was essential to the USâ€℠¢s plan and how the military came about in this war strategically, along with what was morally right. Issuing the Emancipation Proclamation was a long and complicated process that it was issued more than once. On September 22, 1862 Lincoln issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that as of JanuaryRead MoreAbraham Lincoln vs the Radical Republicans Essay2594 Words   |  11 PagesWhen Missouri, part of the acquisition of land from the French admitted itself into the Union in the year 1819, the state requested the right to be a slave state. Congress responded negatively to Missouri’s request of being a slave state, and for the first time since the drafting of the Declaration of Independence the issue of slavery was greatly debated. A New Hampshire representative commented on how crucial the Missouri decision was, stating â€Å"An opportunity is now presented, if not to diminish, at

Financial Analysis Of Vtb Bank Russia Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4852 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? VTB Bank is the largest financial institution in Russia. It is the main entity of the VTB Group, a leading universal Russian banking group offering a wide range of banking products and services in Russia, the CIS, Western Europe, Africa and Asia. In 2007 disposable household income grew by 10.4%. The average salary reached RUB 13,527; its real growth was 16.2%. These indicators are reflected in the development of the banking sector. Positive economic trends and rising household income led to increased activity of Russian citizens on financial markets. VTB was in a strong position Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Analysis Of Vtb Bank Russia Finance Essay" essay for you Create order to meet this growing demand as witnessed by the positive growth in all key areas of the Banks business. Last year the Russian economy faced a series of problems. First and foremost, the most pressing problem was inflation, which was tied to a significant degree, to the rising prices for certain goods on world markets. Our country, which is already highly integrated into the global economy, felt the effect of the negative developments in the economy. Thanks to effective delivery of its strategy, VTB managed to neutralize the consequences of these trends and significantly decrease the level of macroeconomic risks. The outcome of these efforts is VTBs impressive results, which are reflected in this report. The key indicators of banking activity in Russia allow us to characterize 2007 as a very successful year for the banking sector. The rate of growth of most indicators was the highest in recent years. Banking sector assets grew by 44.1%, while the rate of capital growth was 57.8%. Even in this context, VTBs success stands out. Its growth significantly outstripped the market average. For example, VTBs assets grew by 76.7% due mainly to the IPO carried out this year, the largest among European banks in 2007. VTBs contribution to the development of the banking sector and the Russian economy, as a whole, is increasing with every year. VTB is among the leaders in virtually all spheres of financial activity, and is one of the fastest growing banking groups in the country. Key Financial Operational Indicators: Financial Results I n t e r e s t i n c o m e 1 9 6 6 5 5 3 0 I n t e r e s t e x p e n s e 1 9 ( 3 4 5 ) ( 1 8 2 ) ( P r o v i s i o n f o r ) r e l e a s e o f l o a n i m p a i r m e n t 7 , 8 ( 7 8 ) 3 6 G a i n s l e s s l o s s e s a r i s i n g f r o m t r a d i n g s e c u r i t i e s 1 0 5 3 6 G a i n s l e s s l o s s e s a r i s i n g f r o m i n v e s t m e n t s e c u r i t i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r s a l e 1 0 5 1 6 8 G a i n s l e s s l o s s e s a r i s i n g f r o m d e a l i n g i n f o r e i g n c u r r e n c i e s 3 4 1 7 G a i n s l e s s l o s s e s f r o m d e r i v a t i v e f i n a n c i a l i n s t r u m e n t s 2 7 2 4 7 F o r e i g n e x c h a n e t r a n s l a t i o n g a i n s l e s s l o s s e s 2 2 ( 2 3 ) F e e a n d c o m m i s s i o n i n c o m e 2 0 7 4 4 4 F e e a n d c o m m i s s i o n e x p e n s e 2 0 ( 6 ) ( 6 ) O t h e r o p e r a t i n g i n c o m e 2 1 6 1 2 0 O p e r a t i n g e x p e n s e s 2 2 ( 3 9 1 ) ( 2 6 3 ) I n c o m e t a x b e n e f i t ( e x p e n s e ) 2 3 1 7 ( 1 0 6 ) M i n o r i t y i n t e r e s t 1 7 ( 2 3 ) ( 1 7 ) CAMELS ANALYSIS The banking sector has been undergoing a complex, but comprehensive phase of restructuring since 1991, with a view to make it sound, efficient, and at the same time forging its links firmly with the real sector for promotion of savings, investment and growth. Although a complete turnaround in banking sector performance is not expected till the completion of reforms, signs of improvement are visible in some indicators under the CAMEL framework. Under this bank is required to enhance capital adequacy, strengthen asset quality, improve management, increase earnings and reduce sensitivity to various financial risks. The almost simultaneous nature of these developments makes it difficult to disentangle the positive impact of reform measures. Keeping this in mind, signs of improvements and deteriorations are discussed for the three groups of scheduled banks in the following sections. CAMELS Framework Supervisory framework, consistent with international norms, covers risk-monitoring factors for evaluating the performance of banks. This framework involves the analyses of six groups of indicators reflecting the health of financial institutions. The indicators are as follows: CAPITAL ADEQUACY ASSET QUALITY MANAGEMENT SOUNDNESS EARNINGS PROFITABILITY LIQUIDITY SENSITIVITY TO MARKET RISK The whole banking scenario has changed in the very recent past on the recommendations of Narasimham Committee. Further BASELL II Norms were introduced to internationally standardize processes and make the banking industry more adaptive to the sensitive market risks. The fact that banks work under the most volatile conditions and the banking industry as such in the booming phase makes it an interesting subject of study. Amongst these reforms and restructuring the CAMELS Framework has its own contribution to the way modern banking is looked up on now. The attempt here is to see how various ratios have been used and interpreted to reveal a banks performance and how this particular model encompasses a wide range of parameters making it a widely used and accepted model in todays scenario. Capital Adequacy Capital base of financial institutions facilitates depositors in forming their risk perception about the institutions. Also, it is the key parameter for financial managers to maintain adequate levels of capitalization. Moreover, besides absorbing unanticipated shocks, it signals that the institution will continue to honor its obligations. The most widely used indicator of capital adequacy is capital to risk-weighted assets ratio (CRWA). According to Bank Supervision Regulation Committee (The Basle Committee) of Bank for International Settlements, a minimum 8 percent CRWA is required. Capital adequacy ultimately determines how well financial institutions can cope with shocks to their balance sheets. Thus, it is useful to track capital-adequacy ratios that take into account the most important financial risks-foreign exchange, credit, and interest rate risks-by assigning risk weightings to the institutions assets. A Capital Adequacy Ratio is a measure of a banks capital. It is expressed as a percentage of a banks risk weighted credit exposures. Also known as Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR). Capital adequacy is measured by the ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets (CRAR). A sound capital base strengthens confidence of depositors. This ratio is used to protect depositors and promote the stability and efficiency of financial systems around the world. Capital Adequacy ratio: For year 2007, 2005, 2004 2003 was 14.5%, 14.1%, 12.0% 19.6% respectively which are exceeded minimum 8% recommended by Basel Accord. Asset Quality: Asset quality determines the robustness of financial institutions against loss of value in the assets. The deteriorating value of assets, being prime source of banking problems, directly pour into other areas, as losses are eventually written-off against capital, which ultimately jeopardizes the earning capacity of the institution. With this backdrop, the asset quality is gauged in relation to the level and severity of non-performing assets, adequacy of provisions, recoveries, distribution of assets etc. Popular indicators include non-performing loans to advances, loan default to total advances, and recoveries to loan default ratios. The solvency of financial institutions typically is at risk when their assets become impaired, so it is important to monitor indicators of the quality of their assets in terms of overexposure to specific risks, trends in nonperforming loans, and the health and profitability of bank borrowers- especially the corporate sector. Share of bank assets in the aggregate financial sector assets: In most emerging markets, banking sector assets comprise well over 80 per cent of total financial sector assets, whereas these figures are much lower in the developed economies. Furthermore, deposits as a share of total bank liabilities have declined since 1990 in many developed countries, while in developing countries public deposits continue to be dominant in banks. In India, the share of banking assets in total financial sector assets is around 75 per cent, as of end-March 2008. There is, no doubt, merit in recognizing the importance of diversification in the institutional and instrument-specific a spects of financial intermediation in the interests of wider choice, competition and stability. However, the dominant role of banks in financial intermediation in emerging economies and particularly in India will continue in the medium-term; and the banks will continue to be special for a long time. In this regard, it is useful to emphasis the dominance of banks in the developing countries in promoting non-bank financial intermediaries and services including in development of debt-markets. Even where role of banks is apparently diminishing in emerging markets, substantively, they continue to play a leading role in non-banking financing activities, including the development of financial markets. One of the indicators for asset quality is the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans (GNPA). The gross non-performing loans to gross advances ratio is more indicative of the quality of credit decisions made by bankers. Higher GNPA is indicative of poor credit decision-making. NPA: Non-Performing Assets Advances are classified into performing and non-performing advances (NPAs) as per RBI guidelines. NPAs are further classified into sub-standard, doubtful and loss assets based on the criteria stipulated by RBI. An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the Bank. An NPA is a loan or an advance where: Interest and/or installment of principal remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a term loan; The account remains out-of-order in respect of an Overdraft or Cash Credit (OD/CC); The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in case of bills purchased and discounted; A loan granted for short duration crops will be treated as an NPA if the installments of principal or interest thereon remain overdue for two crop seasons; and A loan granted for long duration crops will be treated as an NPA if the installments of principal or interest thereon remain overdue for one crop season. The Bank classifies an account as an NPA only if the interest imposed during any quarter is not fully repaid within 90 days from the end of the relevant quarter. This is a key to the stability of the banking sector. There should be no hesitation in stating that Indian banks have done a remarkable job in containment of non-performing loans (NPL) considering the overhang issues and overall difficult environment. For 2008, the net NPL ratio for the Indian scheduled commercial banks at 2.9 per cent is ample testimony to the impressive efforts being made by our banking system. In fact, recovery management is also linked to the banks interest margins. The cost and recovery management supported by enabling legal framework hold the key to future health and competitiveness of the Indian banks. No doubt, improving recovery-management in India is an area requiring expeditious and effective actions in legal, institutional and judicial processes. Management Soundness Management of financial institution is generally evaluated in terms of capital adequacy, asset quality, earnings and profitability, liquidity and risk sensitivity ratings. In addition, performance evaluation includes compliance with set norms, ability to plan and react to changing circumstances, technical competence, leadership and administrative ability. In effect, management rating is just an amalgam of performance in the above-mentioned areas. Sound management is one of the most important factors behind financial institutions performance. Indicators of quality of management, however, are primarily applicable to individual institutions, and cannot be easily aggregated across the sector. Furthermore, given the qualitative nature of management, it is difficult to judge its soundness just by looking at financial accounts of the banks. Nevertheless, total expenditure to total income and operating expense to total expense helps in gauging the management quality of the banking institutions. Sound management is key to bank performance but is difficult to measure. It is primarily a qualitative factor applicable to individual institutions. Several indicators, however, can jointly serve-as, for instance, efficiency measures do-as an indicator of management soundness. The ratio of non-interest expenditures to total assets (MGNT) can be one of the measures to assess the working of the management. . This variable, which includes a variety of expenses, such as payroll, workers compensation and training investment, reflects the management policy stance. Efficiency Ratios demonstrate how efficiently the company uses its assets and how efficiently the company manages its operations. Asset Turnover Ratio=Revenue/ Total Assets Indicates the relationship between assets and revenue. Things to remember Companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, those with high profit margins have low asset turnover it indicates pricing strategy. This ratio is more useful for growth companies to check if in fact they are growing revenue in proportion to sales. Asset Turnover Analysis: This ratio is useful to determine the amount of sales that are generated from each dollar of assets. As noted above, companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Earnings Profitability Earnings and profitability, the prime source of increase in capital base, is examined with regards to interest rate policies and adequacy of provisioning. In addition, it also helps to support present and future operations of the institutions. The single best indicator used to gauge earning is the Return on Assets (ROA), which is net income after taxes to total asset ratio. Strong earnings and profitability profile of banks reflects the ability to support present and future operations. More specifically, this determines the capacity to absorb losses, finance its expansion, pay dividends to its shareholders, and build up an adequate level of capital. Being front line of defense against erosion of capital base from losses, the need for high earnings and profitability can hardly be overemphasized. Although different indicators are used to serve the purpose, the best and most widely used indicator is Return on Assets (ROA). However, for in-depth analysis, another indicator Net Interest Margins (NIM) is also used. Chronically unprofitable financial institutions risk insolvency. Compared with most other indicators, trends in profitability can be more difficult to interpret-for instance, unusually high profitability can reflect excessive risk taking. ROA-Return On Assets An indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.ÂÂ  ROA gives an ideaÂÂ  as to how efficientÂÂ  management isÂÂ  at using its assets to generate earnings.ÂÂ  Calculated by dividing a companys annual earnings by its total assets, ROA is displayed as a percentage. Sometimes this is referred to as return on investment. The formula for return on assets is: ROAÂÂ  tells what earnings were generated from invested capital (assets). ROA for public companies can vary substantially and will be highly dependent on the industry. This is why when using ROA as a comparative measure,ÂÂ  it is best to compare it againstÂÂ  a companysÂÂ  previous ROA numbers or the ROA of a similar company.ÂÂ   The assets of the company are comprised of both debt and equity. Both of these types of financing are used to fund the operations of the company. The ROA figure gives investors an ideaÂÂ  of how effectively the company is converting the moneyÂÂ  it hasÂÂ  to invest into net income. The higher the ROA number, the better, because the company is earning more money on less investment. For example, if one company has a net income of $1 millionÂÂ  and totalÂÂ  assets of $5 million, its ROA is 20%; however, if another company earns the same amount but has total assets of $10 million,ÂÂ  it hasÂÂ  an ROA of 10%. Based on this example, the first companyÂÂ  is better at converting its investment into profit. When you really think about it,ÂÂ  managements most important job is to make wise choicesÂÂ  in allocatingÂÂ  its resources. Anybody can make a profit by throwing a ton of money at a problem, butÂÂ  very few managers excel at maki ng large profits with little investment Liquidity An adequate liquidity position refers to a situation, where institution can obtain sufficient funds, either by increasing liabilities or by converting its assets quickly at a reasonable cost. It is, therefore, generally assessed in terms of overall assets and liability management, as mismatching gives rise to liquidity risk. Efficient fund management refers to a situation where a spread between rate sensitive assets (RSA) and rate sensitive liabilities (RSL) is maintained. The most commonly used tool to evaluate interest rate exposure is the Gap between RSA and RSL, while liquidity is gauged by liquid to total asset ratio. Initially solvent financial institutions may be driven toward closure by poor management of short-term liquidity. Indicators should cover funding sources and capture large maturity mismatches. The term liquidity is used in various ways, all relating to availability of, access to, or convertibility into cash. An institution is said to have liquidity if it can easily meet its needs for cash either because it has cash on hand or can otherwise raise or borrow cash. A market is said to be liquid if the instruments it trades can easily be bought or sold in quantity with little impact on market prices. An asset is said to be liquid if the market for that asset is liquid. The common theme in all three contexts is cash. A corporation is liquid if it has ready access to cash. A market is liquid if participants can easily convert positions into cash-or conversely. An asset is liquid if it can easily be converted to cash. The liquidity of an institution depends on: the institutions short-term need for cash; cash on hand; available lines of credit; the liquidity of the institutions assets; The institutions reputation in the marketplace-how willing will counterparty is to transact trades with or lend to the institution? The liquidity of a market is often measured as the size of its bid-ask spread, but this is an imperfect metric at best. More generally, Kyle (1985) identifies three components of market liquidity: Tightness is the bid-ask spread; Depth is the volume of transactions necessary to move prices; Resiliency is the speed with which prices return to equilibrium following a large trade. Examples of assets that tend to be liquid include foreign exchange; stocks traded in the Stock Exchange or recently issued Treasury bonds. Assets that are often illiquid include limited partnerships, thinly traded bonds or real estate. Cash maintained by the banks and balances with central bank, to total asset ratio (LQD) is an indicator of banks liquidity. In general, banks with a larger volume of liquid assets are perceived safe, since these assets would allow banks to meet unexpected withdrawals. Credit deposit ratio is a tool used to study the liquidity position of the bank. It is calculated by dividing the cash held in different forms by total deposit. A high ratio shows that there is more amounts of liquid cash with the bank to met its clients cash withdrawals. Sensitivity To Market Risk It refers to the risk that changes in market conditions could adversely impact earnings and/or capital. Market Risk encompasses exposures associated with changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices, etc. While all of these items are important, the primary risk in most banks is interest rate risk (IRR), which will be the focus of this module. The diversified nature of bank operations makes them vulnerable to various kinds of financial risks. Sensitivity analysis reflects institutions exposure to interest rate risk, foreign exchange volatility and equity price risks (these risks are summed in market risk). Risk sensitivity is mostly evaluated in terms of managements ability to monitor and control market risk. Banks are increasingly involved in diversified operations, all of which are subject to market risk, particularly in the setting of interest rates and the carrying out of foreign exchange transactions. In countries that allow banks to make trades in stock markets or commodity exchanges, there is also a need to monitor indicators of equity and commodity price risk. Interest Rate Risk Basics In the most simplistic terms, interest rate risk is a balancing act. Banks are trying to balance the quantity of repricing assets with the quantity of repricing liabilities. For example, when a bank has more liabilities repricing in a rising rate environment than assets repricing, the net interest margin (NIM) shrinks. Conversely, if your bank is asset sensitive in a rising interest rate environment, your NIM will improve because you have more assets repricing at higher rates. An extreme example of a repricing imbalance would be funding 30-year fixed-rate mortgages with 6-month CDs. You can see that in a rising rate environment the impact on the NIM could be devastating as the liabilities reprice at higher rates but the assets do not. Because of this exposure, banks are required to monitor and control IRR and to maintain a reasonably well-balanced position. Liquidity risk is financial risk due to uncertain liquidity. An institution might lose liquidity if its credit rating falls, it experiences sudden unexpected cash outflows, or some other event causes counterparties to avoid trading with or lending to the institution. A firm is also exposed to liquidity risk if markets on which it depends are subject to loss of liquidity. Liquidity risk tends to compound other risks. If a trading organization has a position in an illiquid asset, its limited ability to liquidate that position at short notice will compound its market risk. Suppose a firm has offsetting cash flows with two different counterparties on a given day. If the counterparty that owes it a payment defaults, the firm will have to raise cash from other sources to make its payment. Should it be unable to do so, it too we default. Here, liquidity risk is compounding credit risk. Accordingly, liquidity risk has to be managed in addition to market, credit and other risks. Because of its tendency to compound other risks, it is difficult or impossible to isolate liquidity risk. In all but the most simple of circumstances, comprehensive metrics of liquidity risk dont exist. Certain techniques of asset-liability management can be applied to assessing liquidity risk. If an organizations cash flows are largely contingent, liquidity risk may be assessed using some form of scenario analysis. Construct multiple scenarios for market movements and defaults over a given period of time. Assess day-to-day cash flows under each scenario. Because balance sheets differed so significantly from one organization to the next, there is little standardization in how such analyses are implemented. Regulators are primarily concerned about systemic implications of liquidity risk. Business activities entail a variety of risks. For convenience, we distinguish between different categories of risk: market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, etc. Although such categorization is convenient, it is only informal. Usage and definitions vary. Boundaries between categories are blurred. A loss due to widening credit spreads may reasonably be called a market loss or a credit loss, so market risk and credit risk overlap. Liquidity risk compounds other risks, such as market risk and credit risk. It cannot be divorced from the risks it compounds. An important but somewhat ambiguous distinguish is that between market risk and business risk. Market risk is exposure to the uncertain market value of a portfolio. Business risk is exposure to uncertainty in economic value that cannot be marked-to-market. The distinction between market risk and business risk parallels the distinction between market-value accounting and book-value accounting. The distinction between market risk and business risk is ambiguous because there is a vast gray zone between the two. There are many instruments for which markets exist, but the markets are illiquid. Mark-to-market values are not usually available, but mark-to-model values provide a more-or-less accurate reflection of fair value. Do these instruments pose business risk or market risk? The decision is important because firms employ fundamentally different techniques for managing the two risks. Business risk is managed with a long-term focus. Techniques include the careful development of business plans and appropriate management oversight. book-value accounting is generally used, so the issue of day-to-day performance is not material. The focus is on achieving a good return on investment over an extended horizon. Market risk is managed with a short-term focus. Long-term losses are avoided by avoiding losses from one day to the next. On a tactical level, traders and portfolio managers employ a variety of risk metrics -duration and convexity, the Greeks, beta, etc.-to assess their exposures. These allow them to identify and reduce any exposures they might consider excessive. On a more strategic level, organizations manage market risk by applying risk limits to traders or portfolio managers activities. Increasingly, value-at-risk is being used to define and monitor these limits. Some organizations also apply stress testing to their portfolios. Profitability Ratios Million US $ No Description 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Trends 1 Net Worth 2194 2478 2709 5269 6992 16501 ÂÂ   2 Profit After Tax 278 287 208 511 1179 1514 ÂÂ   3 Total Assets 7272 11228 17810 36723 52403 92609 ÂÂ   4 Interest Income 530 665 1049 1759 3606 5387 ÂÂ   5 Interest Expenses 182 345 475 920 1892 2831 ÂÂ   6 Deposits 3722 6071 9278 19396 27575 51892 ÂÂ   7 Borrowings 694 707 1729 2937 4468 5176 ÂÂ   8 Non-Interest Income 419 263 546 779 1538 1702 ÂÂ   9 Net Interest Income 348 320 574 839 1,714 2,556 ÂÂ   10 Operating Expenses 263 391 628 850 2011 1460 ÂÂ   11 Provision Against NPAs ÂÂ   ÂÂ   196 103 442 526 ÂÂ   1 Return on Equity = (2/1) 12.67% 11.58% 7.68% 9.70% 16.86% 9.18% 3.08 2 Return on Assets = (2/3) 3.82% 2.56% 1.17% 1.39% 2.25% 1.63% 2.92 3 Net Interest Margin = (4-5)/3 4.79% 2.85% 3.22% 2.28% 3.27% 2.76% 2.99 4 Interest Income Ratio = (4/3) 7.29% 5.92% 5.89% 4.79% 6.88% 5.82% 3.03 5 Interest Expense Ratio = 5 / (6+7) 4.12% 5.09% 4.32% 4.12% 5.90% 4.96% 3.05 6 Non-Interest Income Ratio = (8/9) 120.40% 82.19% 95.12% 92.85% 89.73% 66.59% 2.91 7 Operating Expense Ratio = (10) / (8+9) 34.29% 67.07% 56.07% 52.53% 61.84% 34.29% 2.78 8 NPA Provision Ratio = (11/9) 0.00% 0.00% 34.15% 12.28% 25.79% 20.58% 3.35 Mostly flat or declining Trend Few Financial Data Analysis 2003 2002 2001 Assets increased to US$92,609 million, up 76.7% from 2006, and net loans and advances to customers increased to US$58,549 million, up 100.1% from 2006. The proportion of the net loan portfolio to total assets has increased to 63.2% from 55.8% in 2006. At the same time as we increase assets, we are maintaining a firm grip on credit quality. The share of overdue and rescheduled loans in the gross loan portfolio decreased to 1.4% by the end of 2007 from 2.1% at the end of 2006, while the provisioning rate decreased to 1.3% from 1.8%. Coverage of overdue and rescheduled loans by allowances for loan impairment stood at a comfortable level of 176.5% as of December 31, 2007. VTB Groups consolidated net profit for 2007 amounted to US$1,514 million, up 28.4% from 2006, as a result of strong loan portfolio growth. Core income, which includes net interest and fee and commission income before exceptional item, rose by 48.0% to US$ 3,056 million, reflecting strong growth throughout the Groups key strategic areas. Net interest income grew by US$842 million (49.2%), and net fee and commission income, adjusted for the IPO-related depositary appointment fee, grew by US$149 million (42.5%) compared to 2006. Net interest margin remained broadly stable at 4.4% with increased contribution from our retail business. Operating costs increased by 42.2% in 2007, reflecting the investment in growing the business, particularly in retail, as we rolled out the branch opening programme for VTB24. As a result our cost to income ratio increased to 53.6% from 50.8%, but this investment will help us achieve our long-term objectives. With a consolidated BIS Tier 1 capital of US$15,594 million, compared to US$6,357 million at December 31, 2006, and total BIS capital of US$16,978 million, compared to US$7,646 million at December 31, 2006, the bank has been able to continue to capitalise on its advantage in the fragmented domestic financial services market to win new customers and increase volumes. By the end of December 31, 2007, our total capital adequacy ratio was at 16% up from 14% one year ago. Given the current economic climate, VTBs strategy of diversifying its funding sources has been particularly important. With its strong brand and financial stability, VTB was able to increase customer deposits by 85.6% to US$37,098 million. Wholesale funding (which includes debt securities issued, other borrowed funds and subordinated debt) increased by 32.7% to US$ 22,836 million. In 2007, VTB successfully completed a number of planned funding transactions. Landmark fund raising deals include a Series 11 issue for EUR 1 billion, the largest Eurobond in EUR among Russian banks, and a Series 12 issue for GBP 300 million, the first ever GBP issue from Russia. Despite the uncertainty in the international financial markets in the second half of 2007, in October VTB issued a double-tranche Eurobond offering for the aggregate amount of US$2 billion within the new EMTN programme. This operation is the largest international Eurobond issuance by a Russian non-sovereign borrower. This issue received strong support from the international investment community in a number of different financial markets, demonstrating confidence among international investors in the strength of VTBs credit, and the stability of the Russian banking sector.

Haiti Earthquake Free Essays

Hope for children of Haiti On January 12 2010 a devastating tragedy occurred in our world. The beautiful country of Haiti was struck by a 7. 0 magnitude earthquake that changed the country and the lives of people living in Haiti. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti Earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now This earthquake stuck Haiti before five pm and was centred about 10 miles south east of port – au – prince which is the capital city of Haiti. This earthquake is known as one of most powerful earthquakes of the century, that it was felt in eastern parts of Cuba. Prior to the earthquake, the people of Haiti are living eighty percent under the poverty line(Curler, 2010). In results of the earthquake in Haiti, Haiti has been left in poorer economic condition than before. Due to this natural disaster many innocent lives were taken away. The number of casualties kept increasing as the bodies of children were being discovered under the destroyed rumble. The death total at greater than 220 000 people after the earthquake(save the children federation, 2010). Prior to the earthquake Haiti already struggled with 15 of its children population already orphaned or abandoned. This earthquake has caused orphanages to overflow with children with lack of supplies and materials to care for them. They need clothing, food shelter and all the basics necessities to care for them. This tragedy was traumatizing to children because they are so innocent and have less understanding of what’s happened. Hundreds of thousands of children have been displaced which is likely to have increased their sense of anxiety and fear, especially as aftershocks continue and buildings, including schools, continue to collapse( save the children federation , 2010). Many lives have been saved, as well as many bodies recovered from the rubble. Although there were various doctors and rescue teams who flew to Port-au-Prince to aid the victims of the tragedy, aid did not reach those who were in dire need of it. The aftermath of the earthquake was not the only problem for the Haitians of Port-au -Prince. Port-au-Prince’s main prison was destructed by the earthquake leaving almost 4, 000 inmates, who survived the earthquake, roaming the streets â€Å"Rescue commander for Dominican Republic, Delfin Antonio Rodriguez stated, Our biggest problem is security Yesterday they tried to hijack some of our trucks. Today we were barely able to work in some places because of that. There’s looting and people with guns out there, because this country is very poor and people are desperate†(Rayner 2010). Rescuers had even been ordered to stop working when the night fell because of fear of being attacked. Children have been profoundly affected by the events they have witnessed and Seeing and feeling buildings collapse, familiar faces dead and piled up around what used to be a neighbourhood and never seeing loved ones again. Haiti may seem far away for many but they are us, our human race, in need. Please give generously to our cause. Resources Rayner, G (2010). Haiti earthquake, death toll may hit 200,000. Retrieved march 25, 2010, from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7003057/Haiti-earthquake-death-toll-may-hit-200000. html Simon, M Edvige ,J (2010). 7. 0 quake hits Haiti, serious loss of life. Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www. cnn. om/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti. earthquake/index. html Curly, R (2010). Information and Resources on the Port Au Prince, Haiti Earthquake . Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://gocaribbean. about. com/od/haiti/qt/Haitiearthquakeoverview2. htm Save the children federation inc(2010). Haiti Earthquake Children in Emergency . Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www. savethechildren. org/emergencies/latin-america-caribbean/haiti/earthquake-10/haiti-earthquake-children-in-emergency. html How to cite Haiti Earthquake, Papers Haiti Earthquake Free Essays Haiti Earthquake is one of the significant events that happened in 2010. The 7. 0 magnitude earthquake strikes Haiti on 13th January 2010, Wednesday. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti Earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now It destroyed Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince and many other residences. This 5th deadliest earthquake in the world killed over 100,000 Haitians and left many homeless or seriously injured. The dead were even buried in mass graves. Humanitarian aid, rescue and medical teams from all over the world gave their utmost help to Haiti immediately. On 22nd January, the search for survivors was then finally called off. Haiti Earthquake is caused mainly by natural causes. Haiti Earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. Therefore, according to a geophysicist, the two plates moved past each other and generated huge release of energy, causing the Haiti Earthquake. Not only the natural causes, Haiti’s location and environment also contributed to the earthquake. Based on research, 60% of Haiti’s buildings were unsound and Haiti often faced recurrent disasters like cyclone. Haiti also faced political instability as it is one of the poorest country in the western hemisphere and do not have good communication systems, ports and building style for earthquake resistance. Social causes like the schools and hospitals being unresilient to the earthquake and unprepared also caused the serious damage of Haiti. The Haiti Earthquake created a huge impact on Haiti’s economy. Haiti’s government had to spend approximately $7. 2 billion to $13. 2 billion on the rebuild of infrastructure. The earthquake also disrupted Haiti’s trade as the roads and ports were destroyed or strewn with dead bodies. Buildings, including the president’s palace and tax headquarters, were reduced to rubbles. Children were seen digging into the sea of corpses to look for their parents and the injured were pleading in vain for medical help. The worst thing was the main prison had collapsed, thus inmates escaped and brought greater danger to all Haitians. Countries from all over the world helped in giving aid to Haiti. For example, The UNISDR cooperated with Bill Clinton to build disaster risk reduction tools for Haiti. This helped to reduce the impact of future disasters that might happen to Haiti. Singapore’s government came up with US$50,000 for the Haitians. However, Singapore did not do much other than giving a mere amount of US$50,000. The government’s initial decision to send rescue teams to Haiti was also cancelled as they felt that it was too late and they could not make useful contributions. This made me felt disappointed s even Indonesia sent aid worth US$22 million and a team of volunteers to help out in Haiti. China was even among the first at the scene with sniffer dogs, medics and monitoring equipment. Not only that, teens from all over the world also helped out. Singapore students from Canberra Secondary School and Dunman High helped to raise funds for Haitians and gave to charity, Mercy Relief and also organized donation drives. City Harvest Church and CityCare organi sation even send two medical teams to Haiti. For every purchase made in shops like Espirit, a donation of US$1 was also given to Haiti. Famous Hollywood stars like Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie even went to Haiti personally to care for the Haitians and donated US$1 million to Doctor Without Borders. Judging from above, I personally think that the best solution is the building of disaster-risk tools. This will lessen the impact caused by disasters in the long run. Other solutions are also important but they were only temporary solutions. However, I felt that most importantly was to educate the Haitians on natural disasters as Haiti is very vulnerable to it. By continuously giving help to them, it is not an absolute solution. Perhaps countries who have faced these problems before could teach them the precautions to be taken, ways to calm down and act quickly but steadily when faced with disasters. Based on research, the supposedly more destructive Chilean Earthquake suffered lesser casualties than the Haiti Earthquake as they were well-prepared. The care and concern shown by everyone in the world would make the Haitians feel warm. The medical help provided by the medical and rescue teams were what Haitians needed the most. With the donations of many countries, Haitians definitely regained hope on rebuilding their homeland back. How to cite Haiti Earthquake, Papers

Haiti Earthquake Free Essays

Hope for children of Haiti On January 12 2010 a devastating tragedy occurred in our world. The beautiful country of Haiti was struck by a 7. 0 magnitude earthquake that changed the country and the lives of people living in Haiti. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti Earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now This earthquake stuck Haiti before five pm and was centred about 10 miles south east of port – au – prince which is the capital city of Haiti. This earthquake is known as one of most powerful earthquakes of the century, that it was felt in eastern parts of Cuba. Prior to the earthquake, the people of Haiti are living eighty percent under the poverty line(Curler, 2010). In results of the earthquake in Haiti, Haiti has been left in poorer economic condition than before. Due to this natural disaster many innocent lives were taken away. The number of casualties kept increasing as the bodies of children were being discovered under the destroyed rumble. The death total at greater than 220 000 people after the earthquake(save the children federation, 2010). Prior to the earthquake Haiti already struggled with 15 of its children population already orphaned or abandoned. This earthquake has caused orphanages to overflow with children with lack of supplies and materials to care for them. They need clothing, food shelter and all the basics necessities to care for them. This tragedy was traumatizing to children because they are so innocent and have less understanding of what’s happened. Hundreds of thousands of children have been displaced which is likely to have increased their sense of anxiety and fear, especially as aftershocks continue and buildings, including schools, continue to collapse( save the children federation , 2010). Many lives have been saved, as well as many bodies recovered from the rubble. Although there were various doctors and rescue teams who flew to Port-au-Prince to aid the victims of the tragedy, aid did not reach those who were in dire need of it. The aftermath of the earthquake was not the only problem for the Haitians of Port-au -Prince. Port-au-Prince’s main prison was destructed by the earthquake leaving almost 4, 000 inmates, who survived the earthquake, roaming the streets â€Å"Rescue commander for Dominican Republic, Delfin Antonio Rodriguez stated, Our biggest problem is security Yesterday they tried to hijack some of our trucks. Today we were barely able to work in some places because of that. There’s looting and people with guns out there, because this country is very poor and people are desperate†(Rayner 2010). Rescuers had even been ordered to stop working when the night fell because of fear of being attacked. Children have been profoundly affected by the events they have witnessed and Seeing and feeling buildings collapse, familiar faces dead and piled up around what used to be a neighbourhood and never seeing loved ones again. Haiti may seem far away for many but they are us, our human race, in need. Please give generously to our cause. Resources Rayner, G (2010). Haiti earthquake, death toll may hit 200,000. Retrieved march 25, 2010, from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7003057/Haiti-earthquake-death-toll-may-hit-200000. html Simon, M Edvige ,J (2010). 7. 0 quake hits Haiti, serious loss of life. Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www. cnn. om/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti. earthquake/index. html Curly, R (2010). Information and Resources on the Port Au Prince, Haiti Earthquake . Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://gocaribbean. about. com/od/haiti/qt/Haitiearthquakeoverview2. htm Save the children federation inc(2010). Haiti Earthquake Children in Emergency . Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www. savethechildren. org/emergencies/latin-america-caribbean/haiti/earthquake-10/haiti-earthquake-children-in-emergency. html How to cite Haiti Earthquake, Papers Haiti Earthquake Free Essays Haiti Earthquake is one of the significant events that happened in 2010. The 7. 0 magnitude earthquake strikes Haiti on 13th January 2010, Wednesday. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti Earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now It destroyed Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince and many other residences. This 5th deadliest earthquake in the world killed over 100,000 Haitians and left many homeless or seriously injured. The dead were even buried in mass graves. Humanitarian aid, rescue and medical teams from all over the world gave their utmost help to Haiti immediately. On 22nd January, the search for survivors was then finally called off. Haiti Earthquake is caused mainly by natural causes. Haiti Earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. Therefore, according to a geophysicist, the two plates moved past each other and generated huge release of energy, causing the Haiti Earthquake. Not only the natural causes, Haiti’s location and environment also contributed to the earthquake. Based on research, 60% of Haiti’s buildings were unsound and Haiti often faced recurrent disasters like cyclone. Haiti also faced political instability as it is one of the poorest country in the western hemisphere and do not have good communication systems, ports and building style for earthquake resistance. Social causes like the schools and hospitals being unresilient to the earthquake and unprepared also caused the serious damage of Haiti. The Haiti Earthquake created a huge impact on Haiti’s economy. Haiti’s government had to spend approximately $7. 2 billion to $13. 2 billion on the rebuild of infrastructure. The earthquake also disrupted Haiti’s trade as the roads and ports were destroyed or strewn with dead bodies. Buildings, including the president’s palace and tax headquarters, were reduced to rubbles. Children were seen digging into the sea of corpses to look for their parents and the injured were pleading in vain for medical help. The worst thing was the main prison had collapsed, thus inmates escaped and brought greater danger to all Haitians. Countries from all over the world helped in giving aid to Haiti. For example, The UNISDR cooperated with Bill Clinton to build disaster risk reduction tools for Haiti. This helped to reduce the impact of future disasters that might happen to Haiti. Singapore’s government came up with US$50,000 for the Haitians. However, Singapore did not do much other than giving a mere amount of US$50,000. The government’s initial decision to send rescue teams to Haiti was also cancelled as they felt that it was too late and they could not make useful contributions. This made me felt disappointed s even Indonesia sent aid worth US$22 million and a team of volunteers to help out in Haiti. China was even among the first at the scene with sniffer dogs, medics and monitoring equipment. Not only that, teens from all over the world also helped out. Singapore students from Canberra Secondary School and Dunman High helped to raise funds for Haitians and gave to charity, Mercy Relief and also organized donation drives. City Harvest Church and CityCare organi sation even send two medical teams to Haiti. For every purchase made in shops like Espirit, a donation of US$1 was also given to Haiti. Famous Hollywood stars like Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie even went to Haiti personally to care for the Haitians and donated US$1 million to Doctor Without Borders. Judging from above, I personally think that the best solution is the building of disaster-risk tools. This will lessen the impact caused by disasters in the long run. Other solutions are also important but they were only temporary solutions. However, I felt that most importantly was to educate the Haitians on natural disasters as Haiti is very vulnerable to it. By continuously giving help to them, it is not an absolute solution. Perhaps countries who have faced these problems before could teach them the precautions to be taken, ways to calm down and act quickly but steadily when faced with disasters. Based on research, the supposedly more destructive Chilean Earthquake suffered lesser casualties than the Haiti Earthquake as they were well-prepared. The care and concern shown by everyone in the world would make the Haitians feel warm. The medical help provided by the medical and rescue teams were what Haitians needed the most. With the donations of many countries, Haitians definitely regained hope on rebuilding their homeland back. How to cite Haiti Earthquake, Papers

French and indian war Essay Example For Students

French and indian war Essay French and indian war Essay The victory of the English in the French and Indian War initiated a series of actions that eventually caused the American Revolution. These actions consisted of England not allowing the colonists to move westward, starting to heavily enforce the Navigation Laws, and issuing new laws to pay the war debt. After the war, Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America. On the other hand, this power came with a large cost England was in debt about 140 million. England did not intend to make the colonies pay for all of the debt, however, the British felt that they should pay for a third of the cost. The invadement of land by the English resulted in the Frenchs building of Forts along its frontier. The French and Indian War was the British policy of ousting the French from the upper Ohio River Valley. The French wanted the region because it would link their possessions from Canada to Louisiana. They placed a series of forts as connecting links. Frenchs control impeded British aims to expand westward. English merchants and Virginia planters, including Lawrence Washington brother to George Washington formed the Ohio Company in 1749 to settle the Ohio region. The last of the great struggles was for Canada. The Battle of Quebec by which Britain gained control of Canada. The beginning of the war young George Washington gained experience that later helped him as a commander in chief of the Continental troops against Great Britain when he served as an officer. At the Battle of Quebec French forces under the Marquis De Montcalm de the British under the command of General James Wolf defeated Sain Vernan. Montreal fell to General Amherst in 1760, and the French gave up Canada. All of the things above created the French and Indian War. The war taught leadership and helped George Washington gain experience to become a leader for the future. In 1763 the Treaty of Paris gave Britain the Ohio area and that part of Louisiana east of the Mississippi. The British domination of North America was established until the 13 colonies that became known as the United States won their independence. .

1st Triumvirate Timeline

1st Triumvirate Timeline Roman Republic Timeline:Â  First Triumvirate Timeline This 1st Triumvirate timeline fits within the End of the Republic time frame. The word triumvirate comes from the Latin for three and man and so refers to a 3-man power structure. The Roman Republican power structure was not normally a triumvirate. There was a 2-man monarchical element known as the consulship. The two consuls were elected annually. They were the top figures in the political hierarchy. Sometimes a single dictator was put in charge of Rome instead of the consuls. The dictator was supposed to last for a short period, but in the later years of the Republic, dictators were becoming more tyrannical and less amenable to leaving their position of power. The first triumvirate was an unofficial coalition with the two consuls plus one, Julius Caesar. Year Events 83 Sulla supported by Pompey. Second Mithridatic War 82 Civil War in Italy. See Social War. Sulla wins at Colline Gate. Pompey wins in Sicily. Sulla orders Murena to stop the war against Mithridates. 81 Sulla dictator. Pompey defeats Marians in Africa. Sertorius is driven from Spain. 80 Sulla consul. Sertorius returns to Spain. 79 Sulla resigns dictatorship. Sertorius beats Metellus Pius in Spain. 78 Sulla dies. P. Servilius campaigns against pirates. 77 Perperna joins Sertorius. Catulus and Pompey defeat Lepidus. Pompey appointed to oppose Sertorius. (See Pennell Chapter XXVI. Sertorius.) 76 Sertorius prevails against Metellus and Pompey. 75 Cicero quaestor in Sicily. 75-4 Nicomedes wills Bithynia to Rome. (See Asia Minor Map.) 74 Mark Anthony is given a command to take care of the pirates. Mithridates invades Bithynia. (See Asia Minor Map.) sent to deal with it. 73 Sparticus uprising. 72 Perperna assassinates Sertorius. Pompey defeats Perperna and settles Spain. Lucullus fights Mithridates in Pontus. Mark Anthony loses to Cretan pirates. 71 defeats Spartacus. Pompey returns from Spain. 70 Crassus and Pompey consuls 69 Lucullus invades Armenia 68 Mithridates returns to Pontus. 67 Lex Gabinia gives Pompey command to take rid the Mediterranean of the pirates. 66 Lex Manilia grants Pompey command against Mithridates. Pompey defeats him. First Catilinarian Conspiracy. 65 Crassus is made censor. Pompey in the Caucasus. 64 Pompey in Syria 63 Caesar elected Pontifex Maximus. Conspiracy of Catiline and execution of conspirators. Pompey in Damascus and Jerusalem. Mithridates dies. 62 Death of Catiline. Clodius defiles the Bona Dea. Pompey settles the East and makes Syria a Roman province. 61 Pompeys triumph. Clodius trial. Caesar is governor of Further Spain. The Allobroges revolt and the Aedui appeal to Rome. 60 Julius Caesar returns from Spain. Forms First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. See also:: List of Consuls During the PeriodCaesar Timeline for other events in the life of Gaius Julius CaesarCaesar and the First Triumvirate Article

Analysis of Advertisements in Magazines

Analysis of Advertisements in Magazines Introduction Advertisement forms have changed over the years with each period suited to fit the target audience. Technological developments in print have improved the quality of magazine advertisements and increased target audience market coverage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Advertisements in Magazines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although technological improvements with online versions of magazines have improved, the print version has maintained a significant market share and demand. Magazines have narrowed their target audience with considerations such as gender, race, age, education levels among others which however do not prohibit those not targeted from accessing the magazines. The advertisements in the magazines, articles discussed, and cover pages fit the magazines’ target audience. Magazine publications have a rich history of fashion, beauty, celebrity, recipes among other topical issues in the generation of the target audience. Women have many issues surrounding them and hence women magazines have existed over the years. Since these magazines have existed over several decades, it is important to analyze them with comparisons between the times in terms of objectives, changes and differences, target audience, messages and images covered. Analysis of Magazine Advertisements The women magazines in the market all are different in their target audience though covering similar issues. The years of origin, background and purposes also differ and change over time to accommodate generational changes (Hough-Yates 112). This analysis shall focus on Shape magazine, Marie Claire magazine and New Idea magazine. Shape Magazine Just as the name suggests, Shape Magazine is a women magazine that focuses on their fitness to attain the shape presumed to be preferable for the period of discussion. It is written in English language and its origin dates back to 1981 by Weider publi cations. This analysis shall involve the years 1983 and 2010 for Shape Magazine. Shape Magazine in 1983 Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The 1980s decade was characterized by a pop culture and music which influenced the dancing style of the time. It is during this period that the concept of aerobics was introduced from the dance halls to the gym. Health fitness of the time was based on keeping fit. Gyms were beginning to increase though not as much. Celebrity fitness formed the basis of fitness magazine advertisements. Shape magazine in 1983 targeted women of all years into fitness though it did not have age-specific articles. The products advertised at the time were mainly swim suits, fitness and gym wears. The magazine did not emphasize on diet though dietary articles were present. The messages were based on maintenance of fit bodies, encouragement of aerobics, and use of celebrity fitness to influence women into fitness programs. The images mainly included women in swim suits to reveal the shapely bodies with the focus of celebrities of the time (Gough-Yates 208). Shape Magazine in 2010 The fitness culture increased in the 2010 period with issues of weight loss, style and beauty, health and increase dietary consciousness. Shape magazine still targets women in the 2010 year with its base on their fitness and has a sexual appeal, which is, encouraging fitness as a way of being sexy. The implicit messages in the magazine do provide direct and increased scope coverage of fitness issues. It allows the responses of the audience and then carries out research on such issues and publishes them. Fitness for shape magazines are based more on losing weight as a way of being fit and sexy such as obtaining a flat stomach, increased advice on healthy eating and dieting, increased coverage of women celebrities work outs, lifestyles and advice, different article s on losing of weight and how to attain a perfect shape faster, videos on work outs and other beauty and style issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Advertisements in Magazines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The products advertised in Shape magazine are very many and fall into the category of the article discussed including fitness gadgets, dietary books, work out programs, beauty products, dieting products, slimming products, weight management mechanisms and evaluation products among others. The images are more on expert advice on weight related issues; they include celebrities and have a sexual appeal added to them. Shape magazine is similar to that of 1983 in the target audience, images especially cover images with swim suits although those of 1983 emphasize on the sexual appeal and include more celebrities. Shape magazine in 2010 further increases the scope of fitness coverage, increases articles on diet and health as well as emphasizes on weight loss. Marie Claire Magazine This is a fashion magazine that dates back to 1937, written in the English language and dominated more in the US, Australia and UK and in other languages for other nations though it was published earlier in France. The target audience of the magazine is specific to the country with that of US targeting women in the world. The magazine from its origin has been addressing issues in the world affecting women with information on beauty, fashion and health. The magazine has maintained the objective of providing its readers with information substantial enough on the changing and new looks and the fashionable styles of the time. This analysis shall compare 1930s and 2008. Marie Claire Magazine in 1938 The magazine was issued on a weekly basis in France and based its topics affecting the women with the target on the middle class women. The issues included the discrimination of women, how to be home keepers, and the social environment since women were expected to be conservative and feminine taking their place in the home (Gough- Yates, 157). Divorce was prohibited at the time and issues could not be openly discussed.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During this time, the images were of the fashionable hats and were captured to show only that with the concept of beauty being confined, conservative and more on the hair styles. The magazine included the trends of fashion based on women of high class such as the queen. The products advertised were not much and included the same hats, hair beauty and beauty products especially the lipsticks while the distributing systems were minimal. Marie Claire in 2008 The magazine is published on a monthly basis and the theme issues addressed target the ordinary woman. The magazine provides up to date information on fashion with changes in fashion trends. Unlike in the 1930s, the fashion trends represented change within short time with the introduction of fashion themes in the earlier years. The issues discussed in the magazine are more liberal and range from health, family matters, marriage, celebrity styles, fitness, health, beauty and other concerns such as legal matters, financial issues, relationships and careers among others (Gauntlett 314). The images are of high quality and represent the modern woman permeating to all ages capturing all fashion trends in sports wear, make up, clothes for different occasions including fashion during pregnancy, work, party among others, celebrity styles, hair styles and fashion expert advice services. Other than fashion, the magazine is inclined to women beauty, fitness and health. The magazines carries forth massive advertisements touching on the issues discussed such clothes, beauty products, hair products, services, health matters, fitness and fitness products, family related products, tours and travel advertisements, fashion stores among others. The stories represent issues faced by women with emphasis on confidence and justice and more inclination to providing celebrity styles (Gough-Yates 134). New Idea Magazine This is a weekly published magazine in Australia targeting the women. It dates back to 1902 with coverage of issues and news around and affecting celebrities, recipes and competitions. This analysis shall focus on 1982 and 2010. New Idea Magazine in 1982 In this period, the magazine focused on issues surrounding celebrities, fashion and beauty trend with emphasis on celebrities’ lifestyles, cooking recipes of the time, health issues, art work and competitions. The products were mainly representing the items used by celebrities of the times and of high costs and quality. The images used were mainly of people of high profile and fitted into the high quality of the times (Gauntlett 217). New Idea Magazine in 2010 The magazine is still published weekly in Australia with the target still being women. The magazine mainly covers celebrity stories, events and lifestyles, topical issues, cooking recipes of the modern times and still includes competitions and special offers. The magazine is closely related to that at the 1980s only the application to the times differs and the wider coverage where the audience are able to provide their comments on the blog through electronic media. Conclusion The target audience for the magazines discussed has not really changed over the time. The magazines however such as Mari Claire has increased its content scope in fashion with more liberalism, the Shape magazine has maintained its focus but increased coverage with more emphasis on diet and weight loss and focus on the body shape. The new idea magazine has not differed from its earlier publications both in content or coverage but just in use of electronic media. The relevance of the women magazines has proved to thus permeate and maintain relevance with applications to the trends in the times. Gauntlett, David. Media, gender and Identity: An introduction. London: Routledge Publications, 2008. Gough-Yates, Anna. Understanding Women’s Magazines. London: Routledge Publications, 2002.

Team Dynamics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Team Dynamics - Assignment Example However, it could also cost the organization due to high turnover, communication breakdowns and interpersonal conflicts. These differences determine work attitude and ultimately the success of the organization. This study examines two theories that explain how this cultural diversity presents challenges to managers. It also entails the ways in which managers can overcome the differences and instead use it to grow the organization. The integrated threat theory emphasizes on feelings of fear or threat as the leading reason why managers face challenges when working in a diverse environment. Feelings of threat or fear are closely linked to communication breakdown in an organization. According to this theory, feelings of threats are caused by four conditions including prior conflict history, knowledge gap or ignorance, status and contact. Intergroup conflict history is the main cause of conflicts in a culturally diverse working environment. Past intergroup conflicts present a backdrop on how two groups will interact today. The more stretched and damaging the past conflict is the more negative perceived prejudices and threats attitudes will exist between the two interacting groups (Guilherme, MeÃŒ ndez, & Glaser 2010). Secondly, ignorance or intergroup knowledge gap refers to how little people know about each other or how much they think they know about another group based on stereotypes. As a result, a hostile moment leads one group to perceive the other group as a threat. Thirdly, the type and frequency of contact between two culturally different groups contributes to feelings of trust or mistrust, security or insecurity and familiarity or unfamiliarity. If they exhibit a personalized and positive the contact, they will see beyond their differences. However, if contact is at surface level and negative, then negative prejudices and stereotypes will be used to justify the situation (Guilherme, MeÃŒ ndez, & Glaser 2010). Fourth,

Faculty of Business Environment and Society Essay - 8

Faculty of Business Environment and Society - Essay Example They need to meet and satisfy certain conditions, capabilities and qualities sufficiently in order to effectively manage culturally diverse human resources and agreeably, the international managers must be adaptable, open-minded, flexible and able to speak foreign languages. However, there are other critical strategies to consider and with acknowledgement that culture considerably impacts on organisations and employees, this paper will critically discuss the validity of the statement regarding international managers’ adaptability, flexibility, open-mindedness and proficiency in foreign languages. International assignments serve several purposes and the most significant ones include overseas business expansion, knowledge transfer and career development (Paauwe and Boselie 2010). International managers or expatriates are utilised by multinational corporations because of their expertise in critical areas of interest in global markets and corporate organisation as well as to oversee the entry process into new markets. While on international assignment, the international managers will be in charge of strategically significant tasks and act as the link between the subsidiary and headquarters. They will be involved in recruitment and selection; development and training; performance evaluation, remuneration and benefits; labour relations; developing competitive advantages; and, equally important, self-development (Montana and Bruce 2008). Although the roles of international managers can be generalised, different types of international managers can also be identified. One type will t ypically serve control and coordination roles and give less significance to issues related to personnel development. Another type will complement the coordination and control role by concentrating on the goals of personnel development, which usually include developing leadership competency, acquiring intercultural skills and building social

Nursing Shortage in the United States

Nursing Shortage in the United States NURSING LABOUR FORCE IN THE U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Abstract The well-anticipated demographic change attributed to the ageing of the baby boomer population in the USA will led to a significant demand on the healthcare industry in the long run. Important resources such as the nurse work force will be required to provide quality health care services to the population. This research paper will provide a brief description and statistics of the nurse labor force in the USA, the educational requirement needed to be a nurse, the challenges face by the nurses in the healthcare system. The last part of the paper identifies the nursing shortage and the solutions for the short and long run, the recommendations and finally, the conclusion. LABOR FORCE IN THE U.S. HEALTHCARE SYSTEM The healthcare system in America is a complex and unique setting comparing to the other 34 countries in the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). In 2016, The United States spent $3.3 trillion on health care benefits, or 10,348 per person annually, which represents17.9 % of the total GDP and remained at top of all OECD countries for the healthcare expenditures. About 30% of the cost was spent on hospital care, 20% on physician and clinical services, 10% on prescription drugs and 5% on nursing care. However, the life expectancy is 78.6 years which ranked 22nd of the OECD countries (Medicare & Services, 2015). Meanwhile, problems such as growing population, aging and shortage of physicians and nurses are causing the increasing demand for healthcare benefits (Levit & Patlak, 2009). In 2016, there were 5,534 registered hospitals including 4,840 community hospitals in the U.S, most of the healthcare facilities are owned by private companies and 60% of the community hospitals are non-for-profit organizations, 20% are for-profit and 20% are owned by government. In U.S, the most value of healthcare system in America is the health professional, also considered as health providers (AHA, 2018). THE NURSING WORKFORCE According to U.S Bureau of Labor (2018), the total labor force was around 160 million. Nurses are playing an important role in the healthcare system. Nursing demographic consists of: 1.5 million certified nursing assistant (CNA), which represents about 1% of the U.S labor force who are responsible supporting patients’ daily activities such as taking vital signs, dispensing prescribed medications, bathing and transporting patients. Certified nursing assistant is concerned as nursing assistant as general or patient care assistant. CNA is like medical assistants that both assist physicians, nurses and such healthcare providers. Usually, CNAs are assigned in an inpatient hospital and residential facilities such as nursing home and day care centers. Till 2016, the average salary for CNA was $26,590 while VA hospitals might offer better salary, around $37,450. Alaska pays the highest average salary which was $17.81/hour while it was $11.6/ hour in West Virginia. In fact, the market expected the demand for CNAs would increase about 11% during 2014 to 2024. 738,000 licensed practical nurse (LPN), which represents about 0.5% of U.S labor force, who are responsible for administering injections, surgical preparation and communication between patients and physicians. LPNs also do assistant works such as recording and maintaining communication with patients, registered nurses and physicians. LPNs are directly assigned to take care of patients that keep patients comfortable. Sometime, LPNs are assigned to take blood pressure, insert catheters and such activities. LPNs usually work in hospitals, nursing homes, doctor’s offices and any healthcare facilities. In fact, LPNs are the direct contact between patients and physician that they are responsible for keep patients’ knowledge about treatment and procedures. The average salary for an LPN was $44,000 and the number is expected to increase. Connecticut state pays the highest average salary which was 24.30/ hour, comparing to the lowest paying state West Virginia with $14.25/ hour or $29,640 per year. 3 million registered nurse (RN), which represents the largest group of all types of nu rse and 1.9% of U.S labor force, who are qualified with license to make nursing diagnoses and work as a supervisor of CNAs and LPNs. RNs work with physician and healthcare teams to improve healthcare quality and treatment quality. RNs also educate patients for their health conditions and support patients and their family members on further living. Since it is the largest group, the competition is fierce. Depending on the specialty, education and experience, the average salary was around $70,000 in 2015. Some hospitals might offer better payment to $100,000. California owns the largest number of RNs, which was around 300,000 and it pays the highest salary in America, which was $98,400 on average. The market expected a 16% increase of RNs from 2014 to 2024.151,000 advanced registered nurse practitioner (ARNP), who received additional education with master’s degree or post graduate degree and additional medical experience. ARNPs work as clinical nurse specialist and nurse anesth etists that they are certified to diagnose, prescribe medication and therapy, provide treatment and counsel to patients. ARNPs are specify into multiple types such as acute care, nursing information, nurse administrator, travel nursing, family nursing, psychiatric nurse, neonatal nurse and pediatric nurse. The average wages for ARNPs was $95,000 or $46.40/ hour. During the first decade of 21st century, the job opportunities in the healthcare segment of United States grew with a pace of 20% while, in all other segments of the industries nationwide, the same growth was merely 3%. The growth rate has boomed in the US healthcare market, demanding for more and more registered nurses and nursing professionals in the current decade as well. These opportunities have created various job profiles so far in the evolving hospital settings. New hospitals and home care-based jobs are also emerging rapidly. â€Å"It is anticipated that the rate of employment in the health care sector will grow faster than the rate of employment in all other sectors between 2014 and 2024, with projected increases of nearly 22% and 5%, respectively. Other service sectors are projected to grow by about 8% during the same time period .†Ã‚  (Martiniano, Chorost, & Moore, 2017). Currently there are more than six million of the staff available across states in the healthcare settings for RNs and NPs working in various administrative positions in United States. The growth rate is also having positive rays of hopes in terms of having future job employments because of the fact that between 2014 to 2024, it is estimated that the home care based jobs are expected to increase by 60% while jobs in the offices of the healthcare practitioners are also said to have the increase of 25% because as of now, there are more than 4 million of jobs that are available in the same position—the job positions are subjected to be vacant and filled at the same time, depending on the conditions of the nurses who are employed and leave their jobs due to unforeseen conditions (Martiniano et al., 2017). Researches showed that there would be a 1 million shortage of RN in 2020 because of the dropping economic situation in America. In fact, the shortage has been ongoing since 1998 that it has been always a lack of supply. The supply was higher than the increase of demand. There were several reasons behind the shortage. Ageing of nurses might be the most concerned issue in recent that many nursing practitioners are getting older. Since 2012, the 50-60 year-age group represented the largest group on RNs and these group is expected to retire before 2025 but they are the ones who are the most experienced for taking care of patients (Levit & Patlak, 2009).   The U.S government also supports foreign-born nurses in order to fill the gap between supply and demand. In 2008, international nurses represented 15% of the nursing workforce. One concern was the communication that international nurses might have problems on communicating with patients and doctors even thought they had passed the English language test such as TOEFL and IELTS. In fact, foreign-born nurses on average cost less than American born nurses and they contribute extra value on international patients (Levit & Patlak, 2009). NURSING PROFESSION’S QUALIFICATION With the expansion of the ACA, allowing more people access to health care and insurance coverage, and the aging of the population, which increases the nationwide rate of terminal illnesses such as heart failure and cancer, the demand for care is higher than ever and there prompts the big question of whether the current health care workforce can adequately meet that demand. To fill the obvious gap that will occur, non-physician providers will be needed. Potential candidates for the positions are no other than advanced trained nurse. In the1990s, funding for nursing education drew the attention of policymakers as people realized there would be substantial shortfalls of nurses in the next decades. Efforts to increase funding for nursing education have been intermingled with advocacy for increased emphasis on baccalaureate entry-level education. In the past, many RNS were educated in hospital-based diploma programs, but most of these programs has been converted to associate or bachelor’s degree programs. The shift in nursing education from hospitals to universities marked the importance of the body of knowledge that the nursing profession should possesses. More essentially, it defined nursing as something much more than assistant to the physician. As an effort to alleviate a looming cycle of nursing shortage, community colleges and technical schools started offering nursing program in the 1970s. Since then, the nursing education has greatly evolved to better prepare their students for the ever-changing and challenging world of health care system. The two most common paths for people pursuing a nursing degree is either obtaining a 2-year associate degree (AND) or a 4-year baccalaureate program (BSN). Many community and technical colleges offer ADN programs and they are more attractive to prospective nurses because of their affordability and a shorter time period to finish. Graduates from the programs are qualified to sit for the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN). This type of program provides a solid foundation for entry-level nursing positions at a wide array of health-related establishments, including hospitals, primary care clinics, and nursing homes. In addition, nurses can later register for the RN-to-BSN bridge programs to obtain their BSN. The 4-year BSN, while more time consuming, opens up more opportunities for nursing students upon their graduation. BSN candidates receive intensive training not only in the clinical field, but also in leadership and communication skill. The goal is to provide more professional development to their students through a comprehensive curriculum that covers some of the most pressing issues within the profession, such as public health, social sciences, nursing research, and management and leadership. Most of nursing programs are not recommended to be taken online as they are hands-on profession. Averagely, nursing program costs $15,000 per academic year (Registered Nursing Degrees, 2018). In the 1990s, nurses once passed their board licensing received the same licenses and often hired to perform the same jobs. Their background education, whether they had an associate degree (ADN) or a baccalaureate degree in nursing (BSN), did not differentiate the task they performed in any health care facility. While the practices and educational differences between ADN and BSN were proven to exist, there was a general but often weak correlation in patient outcomes based on the initial education preparation of the RN providing the care (Kovner & Schore, 1998). A meta-analysis done in 1988 by Joyce Johnson pointed out that BSN RNs attained higher scores in the field of communication, problem solving, and professional role when compared with AND RNs. Contrariwise, these associations decreased when experience was taken into account, and no distinguishing result existed in measuring level of leadership and autonomy between BSN and ADN RNs.  Time has changed and so as the complexity of the health care system. The role expectations and educational outcome differences for ADN and BSN has been more clarified. Although the health care system required nurses prepared at both levels of education, the graduates of these programs hold different competencies and should be valued for those differences (N/A, 1995). A study done in 2003 further proved this notion by showing the connection between higher levels of nursing human capital and improvement in patient outcomes – a 10 percent increase in nurses with baccalaureate degree yielded a 5 percent decrease in patient mortality and complications (Kutney-Lee, Sloane, & Aiken, 2013). This clarification in the roles of ADN and BSN nurses are vital to the delivery of high quality care and require the restructure of their education curriculum as well as validation in the systems in which these graduates are employed.      ISSUES IN THE NURSING LABOR FORCE Like many other health care professional, the nursing workforce has many problematic areas that need to be resolved. One of the most pressing one is the shortage in labor force. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) since its enactment in March, 2010, has successfully provided insurance coverage for around 19.2 million people and dropped the number of uninsured population from 20.5 percent to 12.2 percent in 2016 (Garrett & Gangopadhyaya, 2016). This influx of new patients has driven up the demand for nurses with the U.S. Department of health and Human Services projected a shortfall of over one million nurses by 2020 (DHHR, Resources, Workforce, & Analysis, 2017). However, the current state of the workforce is gradually depreciated due to several factors. The aging baby boomer nurses reaching their retirement ages contributes as the first factor in this shortage crisis. This aging workforce has been dealing with increasing pressure due to higher work demand resulted fr om nursing shortages, and their health suffers tremendously with a significant higher number of senior nurses experiencing chronic pain, tiredness, and exhaustion among the group (Gabrielle, Mannix, & Jackson, 2008). An obvious fix to this problem is to increase the number of qualified nurses in the labor market through nursing school recruitment campaign. Unfortunately, the majority of nursing schools nationwide do not have the capacity to accept new candidates due to a lack of faculty, budget constraints and limited clinical sites for students to practice. While all schools reported reaching their full capacity and even going over their students limit each year, many applicants got rejected, with 78 percent of ADN applicants and 62 percent of BSN candidates, all of them had qualified credentials, were turned away from nursing school in 2016 (Nursing, 2016). This would directly reduce the chance to generate enough nursing graduates to meet the upcoming demands facing the health car e industry. Beside the restricted nursing enrollment rate, health care providers only preferred nurses who already had several years of experience and turned down many potential applicants only because they newly graduated. Another realistic alternative to fill the gap in nursing staff is by hiring foreign-educated nurses. However this solution is poorly received since it stirs up concerns regarding the level of competency of nurses trained outside the U.S. and immigration issues (Williams, 2014). A shortage of nurse will ultimately lead to a change of nurse staffing pattern in care centers, with one nurse tending for more patients. A study by Cummings and Estabrooks (2003) pointed out the negative effects the change in nurse staffing patterns had brought upon the remaining nursing staffs’ health and their competency to provide quality care. Other research literature also reported imbalance nurse staffing pattern can drive up the rate of preventable medical errors and adverse events (e.g. hospital-acquired pressure ulcers, wrong blood transfusion) (Cho, Ketefian, Barkauskas, & Smith, 2003). The predominant effects of hospital restructuring on nurses are mostly negative with a decrease in efficacy and ability to provide quality care, reduction in job satisfaction, and disparity in teamwork among care providers, which resulted in an increase in turnover rate. Cost containment initiatives in many health care establishment can also further deplete the nursing workforce. The U.S. health care expenditure has skyrocketed over the past decade and accounted for 17.9 percent in the overall share of gross domestic product (GDP) and more than $10,000 per capita in 2016 (Llanos & Rothstein, 2007) (CMS, 2016). Regardless, the U.S. index for health care outcomes such as life expectancy, maternal mortality, child and infant mortality are far behind other OECD nations (Institute of Medicine, 2007). As a result, several health reform programs were introduced in an attempt to increase access-to-care for the population, reduce the health care cost, and improve the quality of health care. The implementation of these pilot programs put tremendous pressure on health care providers and organizations to contain their cost while maintaining optimum treatment to their patients. Many care facilities decided to restructure their workforce by decreasing the overall labor pool. As one of the largest personnel group in the health care workforce and oftentimes claimed for the largest piece of the hospital budget pie, approximately 33 percent of hospital operation cost (Walston, Burns, & Kimberly, 2000), nursing positions were the primary target for cost-containment strategies in many organization. The result was an increase in substitution for lower credential nursing position, such as Licensed Practical Nurse which only required two years of associate degrees, or even unlicensed personnel like patient-care technicians. This shift in work force in the 1990s, however, had driven up the rate of medication errors, patient injuries and infection (Kunen, 2001). To better adapt to the ever changing environment of health care bureaucracy and population health priorities with finite capital and human resources, all health-related establishments should develop strategies with emphasis in organization and culture restructure that has positive impact on the outcomes of patients and nurses. Beside financial incentives, political advocacy from both the federal and state government, as well as professional opinion and standard setting can further make changes to the recruitment and retention of qualified nurse workforce. THE GOVERNMENT’S EFFORT IN SOLVING THE ISSUE OF NURSE SUPPLY One of the problems the healthcare system in the U.S. is facing is that of shortage of nurses. Some factors which contribute to this shortage is the fact that women have more options in choosing their career path in society today when compared to the past. From an economic point of view, this problem of shortage is cause more by the supply side rather than the demand side thus, making it a more complex shortage (B. & J.I., 2001). This shortage of nurses might worsen in the long run if the government do not develop and implement solutions to solve this problem. Some economic solutions where developed in the past to help solve this problem such as relocation coverage, new premium packages and sign on bonuses; however, they were all short-term solutions which helped in redistributing the supply of nurses instead of increasing it (B. & J.I., 2001). Due to the shortage of nurses in the healthcare system, the government has developed and implemented solutions which will be examined below. The government is trying to recruit more students and educators in the nursing field to combat with the increasing demand in the workforce. For some years now, recruitment of students in the school of nursing has been declining. According to the American Association of College of Nursing, the number of nursing students who enrolled in the bachelor’s degree program had been declining in the past five years (Larson, 2016). In 1999, the number of nursing students felt by 4.6% nationwide. Nursing master program also suffered the same fate with a decline of 1.9% in some states (Larson, 2016). To better utilize the current aging workforce, healthcare circles decided to recruit the old and retired practicing nurses who can no longer administer treatment to the growing population and appointed teaching positions to them in nursing schools. They came to a conclusion that this ageing nurse’s will better teach the students as they are teaching out of experienced and it is said exp erienced is the best teacher (Johnson et al., 2006). Practice and experience are two important factors that teachers most acquired in order to teach students effectively. Also, in San Diego, six hospitals donated $ 1.3 million to support a program known as â€Å"Nurses Now†, which will be an opportunity to add faculty members and additional nursing students in the San Diego University (Costantini, 2016). Moreover, in order to support students to do nursing, the Texas hospital donated $ 425,000 in scholarships to local students to do their bachelor’s degree program in nursing. Moreover, in New Jersey the Board of Free holders donated scholarships to local students who accepted to work in the long term care facility in the USA (Costantini, 2016). These are examples of some successful collaborative efforts between healthcare organizations, nursing schools and the USA government to help solved the problem of nursing shortage in the USA. Moreover, in order to solve to problem of shortage, hospitals are re-implementing intensive training programs for nurses in various specialities. This has gone a long way to retain nurses who are seeking for a transfer and has also help build a vocation development path for nursing staff. A research that has been done on Magnet hospitals indicate that some of the organizational characteristics that create a centre of attention and retain nurses are professional practice models for delivery of healthcare with independence and responsibility to make decisions (B. & J.I., 2001). Moreover, effective managerial structure, quality patient services and investment in nurses’ professional development in the healthcare system are very necessary and important. Nurses must be involved in developing and implementing the practice of care in hospitals since they are very close to patients. Some of this practise includes; participating in the financial management of the hospital and developin g new strategies in hospitals. If healthcare leaders developed intensive programs for nurses in each specialities, it will motivate them to realize that they are very important in the healthcare system thus, encouraging them to remain in their various specialities in nursing. Furthermore, healthcare leaders need to developed models of care in order to solve the problem of nurses shortage in the USA, the government need to implement regulatory and policy issues (Johnson et al., 2006). Some regulatory and policy problems could also cause the nursing shortage such as federal and state laws, licensure and nursing practice act, and requirements from reimbursement organizations, private organization and the government (Johnson et al., 2006). Inside an organization, insistent process developments initiatives can assist standardize and simplify documentation. Healthcare leaders should drive this problem with some consultation from some internal experts in reimbursement, patient documentation and risk management. Furthermore, nursing trainers should use technology as one of the training tool.  Although most of the section in nursing learning is clinical experience, most of the classroom teaching can be done through the new technology we have today such as internet teaching, distance education, and accelerated educational programs.  As the healthcare of patients become more associated to technological improvement, routine nursing performance can drilled by utilizing the same technology. Technology improvement could also be use to test and certified nursing educators (Larson, 2016). All these new methods of teaching nurses through technology advancement will motivate younger adults who like using the internet and other forms of technology to learn to join the nursing field thus, helping to solve the problem of nursing shortage. In addition, to help solve the problem of nurse shortage in the USA, healthcare leaders should concentrate on training our own nursing and retaining them from traveling to other countries such as Canada. One good approach to solve this problem is to employ bachelors and masters students who are already in the faculty programs and provide them with qualified training and prepared them as well-trained nurses to be employ in the nursing field (Buchan & Aiken, 2008). Guidance into the clinical faculty is one of the best in this context, and this will improve nursing student’s capacity to do their work in the nursing field efficiently. The main idea is to guide them to grow into the nursing profession and eventually make nursing their profession of choice. This strategy will work well to the nursing field advantage because, it will encourage students to choose nursing as a career thus, increasing the number of nurses for the future. To continue, to solve the problem of nursing shortage in the USA, the government should augment the supply of nurses by using tax credit. For example, three bills where pass to permit the creation of refundable tax credit for all register nurses (Johnson, Posner, Biermann & Cordero, 2006). This is a positive impact that would have help retain nurses in the profession and it will also help to increase their salaries. Moreover, it will motivate them to maintain their various positions in hospitals thus, working positively in reducing the problem of nurse shortage in the USA. More so, in order to solve the problem of nursing shortage in the USA, hospital managers should offer bonuses to nurses who accept and sign up to work in that hospital for a long period of time. For example, in St. Paul hospital in Minnesota, the hospital leaders are giving out bonuses of about $8,000-$10,000 to nurses with essential care experience who have sign up to work in the hospital for a long period (Larson, 2016). This strategy has help St. Paul hospital to keep most of it nurses. If more hospitals could adopt this method, it will help solve the problem of nurse’s shortage in the USA. Moreover, in order to solve the problem of nurse shortage in the USA, the government need to increase the salaries of nurses. The work load of nurse’s especially register nurses is much as they are the ones who spend most of the time taking care of patients (B. & J.I., 2001). Most of them leave the nursing field because they are not well pay for the work they do and most of the time, some are not pay for the extra work they do. In order to solve this problem, the USA government has increased the salary of nurses for example in California; the salary of register nurses went up to $94, 120 per year (B. & J.I., 2001). This has motivated many people to join the nursing field. According to experts’ projections from the Bureau of Labour Statistics, by 2022, the nursing field will experience an increase in the number of register nurses of about 526,800 (B. & J.I., 2001). This is a good sign for the healthcare field for the future – absolutely a field with good prospects . ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SHORTAGE IN NURSING SUPPY Nurses form an essential part of the working force in the healthcare system in the USA and the great role they play cannot be ignored. This explain why the USA government, over the years have been trying to solve the problems nurses are facing in the healthcare system in order to motivate more people to join the nursing field. Due to all this, some recommendations are made to help improve the nursing working force. One of the recommendations is that, healthcare leaders should change consumers’ knowledge of healthcare services. Most patients like meeting register nurse for them to take care of them whereas; they are other nurses in the hospital who can take care of them better. Healthcare leaders’ need to change this perception some patients have concerning the choice of nurses. More so, some patients believe that nurses who are well paid do the work better than nurses who are less pay. That is why patients keep traveling from one state to another in order to seek for hospitals where nurses are been well pay. For example, most Americans travel to big states such as California in order to receive treatment from physicians and nurses. This believes is not good because it creates nurses shortage in big states compare to small states (Costantini, 2016). The USA government should develop and implement public health programs that will help educate the population on how to prevent certain illnesses. This will help reduced the number of people who get sick, thus reducing the number of patients, nurses have to take care of. People should do more of physical activities and eat healthy in order to avoid unnecessary illnesses which could be avoided by doing this. Also, the population should be sensitize about the problem of nursing shortage in the country. This will motivate them to take good care of themselves in order to avoid falling sick. Based on the execution of these recommendations, it will assist to achieve healthy people 2020 objectives. These recommendations are strategic plans that can be utilize by the government, people, private and public health providers and communities to improve the health of the population thus making the USA government to achieve its goal of healthy people 2020. CONCLUSION Nurses play a very significant role in providing medical treatment to patients and they also help to re-enforce the physician’s shortage labour force in the USA. Many health care organizations can not do with out nurses as they play a significant role. If the shortage of nurses worsens, many patients will no longer have access to care thus, creating a huge problem in the country. The USA government need to take the problem of nursing shortage in the country very serious as the baby boomer nurses retirement will cause a serious shortage. With the fast growing population of America, as many immigrants are coming in, it is necessary for the USA government to attract more nurses into the health care system. 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