Is Lakoff's analysis of the language and moral assumptions of liberals Essay

Is Lakoff's analysis of the language and moral assumptions of liberals and conservatives correct , based on what you see in this - Essay Example Boaz argues that the nation may be liberal towards giving a portion of their income but would not give the government total control of the money to use as it sees fit. Therefore, it is right to support Lakoff’s analysis of the language of liberals and conservatives on issues and ideology. â€Å"Moral Politics† by Lakoff goes out to show the language the politicians use in their different sides of thought towards the public. In this book, Lakoff analyses the unconscious and rhetorical observations of liberals and the conservatives. He asserts that there is a radical but a consistent difference between the liberals and the conservative’s origins of morality. His main agenda is to formulate a model that not only clarifies why the liberals and conservatives take the positions they do but to also join the collections of liberal and conservative political stands in public eyes. He argues that the nation is a family and liberals present a different model of the family v iew compared to the conservatives. The liberals present a nurturing parent (NP) while the conservatives take the assumption of a strict father model (SF). Together encompass decent principals nevertheless; they differ in the most important priorities making them drastically conflicting. With these morals, Lakoff agues out his models to decipher the moral construction inside the language of politics and strategy. In the article â€Å"One Bad and Eight Good Reasons to Cut Taxes† Boaz uses the patterns Lakoff analyses in his metaphorical models giving the opposite priorities in terms of tax cut at the time of Bush government. The individuals backing lofty taxes were opposed the proposition to cut taxes based on the less difference it can make on the economy. This made them hold on the high taxes the government is conducting. In Boaz’s arguments, he asserts that the people who earn money possess it and giving the government the sole control is not wise. This is a liberal a cclamation in that the family members can make a decision on the family function as opposed to the strict father who will impose strict orders in the family set up. Through the proposition of cutting taxes Lakoff’s analysis of an NP model giving the members a better angle to present their views. Lakoff affirms that people appreciate the fact that they are part of what is going on rather thinking of solutions themselves. This is a result of the fact that the society does not know what it really believes and desires to be informed of the thoughts. Boaz article is a good example of a suggestion that the government could consider. During the Bush administration, there was the strict father model and that encompasses the decisions he made without consultation like the invasion of Iraq. This provides the hypothesis that the father is the sole decision maker consequently punishing the children who wrong. Programs given to the public get scrutiny and views as things that citizens get without earning them. This makes the public assume that the government is liable for their needs making them immoral. Bush administration suggests the cut in taxes to have the people have more money in order to reduce social programs but this does not necessarily mean the stoppage of military activities. Consequently, the public is hooked to Bush ideals since they associate with the strict father model. The liberal counter to this assumption is that the

Financial Analysis of Burberry Group Plc Coursework

Financial Analysis of Burberry Group Plc - Coursework Example In relation to the study the company which has been selected is Burberry Group Plc is a British luxury fashion house established in 1856 and listed on the London Stock Exchange since 2002. Its business’s mainline involves the sourcing, designing, manufacturing, and marketing of high-end clothing as well as non-apparel accessories for customer segments including women, men, and children. Customers can reach Burberry products through its diversified distribution network of retail, wholesale, digital and licensing channels operated in the United Kingdom and across the world. In the year 2012, Burberry was ranked the 82nd best global brand in the world with regards to its high operating value and such ranking has been improved for the past few years. Therefore, it is worth studying its financial information to see how its operation has developed causing increasing company’s value. For the purpose of carrying out a financial performance analysis of Burberry, the financial st atements of the company pertaining to the last three financial years have been reformulated (See Appendix). The reformulation of balance sheet reveals the net operating assets (NOA) of the company, net debt, and net equity. On the other hand, the reformulation of income statement has revealed the recurring items and non-recurring or exceptional items in the income statement of Burberry. The income statement has been reformulated in two ways, i.e. full reformulation and basic reformulation. The basic reformulation does not include exceptional or non-recurring items in the income statement, whereas in full reformulation, each and every time has been included in the reformulated income statement. The overall analysis of the income statement for Burberry pertaining to the last four financial years shows that the sales growth declined in 2010 in comparison with 2009, whereas the growth rate showed improvement on consistent basis in 2011 and 2012. The main reason behind this consistency in sales growth is considerable increase in the retail sales of the company in the last two years. In addition to this, as the company is also engaged in the wholesales, there is a insignificant increase in wholesales also noted, which has contributed to the growth in sales revenue to some extent. Reformulated Income Statement (Full) 2012 2011 2010 2009 (Sales growth based on previous financial year) 1.24 1.17 1.07 1.21 As per the reformulated income statement, common size income statements for full and basic income statements have been prepared. Common Sized Income Statement Based on Full Reformulation (Excludes Unusual Items

MARKETING MANAGEMENT COLGATE PALMOLIVE Industry Overview

MARKETING MANAGEMENT COLGATE PALMOLIVE Industry Overview In a society that cares about appearances consumers continually look for new, innovative oral care products to provide an extra sparkle to their smiles. Oral care companies are marketing their products to different consumer segments in order to capture their share in the growing segment market. Todays consumer demand numerous benefits from their tooth pastes and manufacturers are responding accordingly. The Personal Care and Household Cleaning Products Industry inclues Companies that make Personal Care and Hygiene Care Products such as cosmetics, perfumes and toiletries as well as household cleaning products. Some leading companies in Personal Care and Household care are Procter Gamble, Unilever, Colgate Palmolive, Johnson JohnsonGillette and Reckitt Benckiser etc. Key Market Players Colgate-Palmolive Colgate-Palmolive headquartered in New York City is the biggest seller of toothpaste (ahead of Procter Gamble) and a world leader in oral care products (mouthwash, toothpastes, and toothbrushes). The company also makes personal care products (baby care, deodorants, shampoos, soaps) and household cleaners (bleaches laundry products, soaps). Its other well-known brands include Palmolive dishwashing liquid and tabs, Ajax surface cleaners, and Fab laundry detergent. Its Hills Pet Nutrition subsidiary makes Science Diet and Prescription Diet brands of pet food. Colgate operates in more than 70 countries and sells products in more than 200. Procter Gamble The Procter Gamble Company is the number one U.S. maker of household products, with brands in five main categories: Baby, feminine and family care; Fabric and home care; Beauty care; Health care and Food and Beverages. Nowadays Procter Gamble markets nearly 300 brands, including leading brands such us Pampers, Tide, Ariel, Always, Whisper, Pantene, Bounty, Pringles, Folgers, Charmin, Downy, Lenor, Iams, Crest, Actonel, Olay, and Clairol. PG has sales in more than 160 countries around the world and PGs worldwide headquarters is located in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The company operates 115 plants in almost 80 countries worldwide and employs nearly 98,000 people. The firm also makes pet food and water filters and produces soap operas. Proctor Gamble is not an active player in local market tooth paste market. GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline, one of the top five pharmaceutical firms in the world, is the name behind antidepressant Paxil and asthma therapies, Flovent and Servent, among the worlds best-selling drugs. Other international bestsellers include Avandia fordiabetes, migraine reliever Imitrex, cancer-related nausea drug Zofran, and antibiotic Augmentin. GSK products are also available without a prescription: OTC products include Zantac for sour stomachs, Aquafresh Maclense for cleaner teeth. Oxy for skin suffering the ravages of adolescence, and Nico Derm for smokers looking to kick the habit. Unilever Unilever is one the worlds top packaged consumer goods companies, Unilever has leveraged its brand-name food, cleaning and personal care products into market dominance worldwide. Dually headquartered in London and Rotterdam, the Netherlands, it is operated by two different holding companies, Unilever PLC (UK) and Unilever N.V. (the Netherlands), which have separate stock listings but an identical board of directors. Unilever is one of the industry leader in deodorants (Axe, Degree), hair care products (Suave, ThermaSilk), prestige fragrances (Calvin Klein, Lagerfeld) and soap (Dove, Lux ). Its other familiar goods include Q-Tips, Vaseline, Pepsodent, Close up and Mentadent tooth pastes and laundry and cleaning products such as all Wisk and Surf. Locally Manufactured Medicame Tooth Pate, Medipac, Forhans, English, Listerine and Sensodine tooth paste are also increasing their market share. Medicame Listerine and Sensodyne are medicated tooth paste. Sensitive consumer gives good consideration to medicated tooth paste. However English tooth paste is very low price tooth paste. Some imported tooth pastes are also available at super store while a variety of medicated tooth paste is available at Medical stores. Close up and medicame are the real competitors of Colgate tooth paste. They have reduced the market share of Colgate. Colgate tooth paste is pioneer and innovator in the introduction of Herbal tooth paste. Corporate Profile Personal care giant Colgate-Palmolive is generally associated with toothpaste and soap, but in fact its broad portfolio also includes Pet food, Deodorants, Fabric softeners, Household cleaners and Detergents. Brands include Ajax, Fab, Mennen and Hills Science Diet, alongside the two products that make up the companys name. Colgate is the worlds #1 toothpaste and toothbrush brand; Palmolive soap is the worlds third largest soap brand, now covering a growing range of hair care products as well as soaps. Colgate-Palmolive is also truly international, deriving more than 70% of its sales outside the US. Advertising Age/TNS estimated global measured advertising expenditure in 2003 of $621m, making Colgate the worlds #40 advertisers. Colgate-Palmolive is a leading global consumer products company, serving people in more than 200 countries and territories with consumer products that make lives healthier and more enjoyable. The Company focuses on strong global brands in its core businesses O ral Care, Personal Care, Household Surface Care, Fabric Care and Pet Nutrition. The Group operates in North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia and Africa. History of Colgate Palmolive 1800 1850s The company began in 1806, when William Colgate, an English immigrant, set up a starch, soap and candle business on Dutch Street in New York City, USA. Frances Smith was made a partner in the following year and the firm became Smith and Colgate. William Colgate brought out his partner in 1813; the name was then changed to William Colgate and Company. In 1817 the first Colgate advertisement Soap, Mould and Dipt Candles appeared. A few years later, William Colgate and his brother-in-law, John Gilbert, built a starch factory in an area that today is Jersey City, New Jersey. The Dutch Street factory was moved there in 1847, though the business office remained on Dutch Street. Principal products at that time were Windsor Toilet Soaps and Pearl Starch. After more than fifty years in the starch, soap and candle business, William Colgate died in 1857. The company then became known as Colgate Company. 1860s 1910s In 1866, the company introduced perfumed soap and began the manufacture of perfumes and essences. Six years later Cashmere Bouquet, the first milled perfumed toilet soap, was registered as a trademark. Surprisingly, it wasnt until 1873 almost seventy years after the companys founding that Colgate Company produced its first toothpaste, an aromatic dental cream sold in jars. Then, in 1896, the company made toothpaste much more convenient to use by introducing the first collapsible toothpaste tube, one similar to those in use today. Meanwhile in Milwaukee, the B.J Johnson Soap Company, founded in 1864, was about to change its destiny. In 1898 the company introduced Palmolive Soap, a product that was so successful it prompted B.L. Johnson to change its name to the Palmolive Company 1916. By its 100th anniversary, Colgate Company was manufacturing dental care products, laundry soaps, 160 different kinds of toilet soap and 625 varieties of perfume. In 1906, the company launched a plant expansion at its Jersey City site, and a new 8-storey factory opened on the site in Jersey City. A few years later in 1910, the entire Colgate organization left the original buildings on Dutch and John Streets and moved to Jersey City. It was on the roof of one of Colgates factory buildings there that the first Colgate clock, its face measuring 37.5 feet in diameter and covering an area of 1104 square feet, was installed in 1908. The original Colgate clock, which became a fixture on the New Jersey waterfront, was moved to a new Colgate factory in Jeffersonville, Indiana in 1924 and was replaced with a new, bigger timepiece, which today is still one of the worlds largest single faced clocks. The new octagon-shaped clock measured 1963.5 square feet with a 25 foot, 10 inches long minute hand and a 20 foot long hour hand. 1920 1930 On the 7th January 1922, the Palmolive Company (of England) Ltd was incorporated, with the first directors meeting being held a month later when Bob Foster was appointed Chairman. In 1925 a new name was registered, The Palmolive Company Ltd. At this time most of the display cards for shop windows and point-of-sale inside chemists were produced in the USA and shipped over with the product. It was not until the 1930s that the UK company commissioned its own advertisements. In 1928 the Colgate Company merged with Palmolive-Peet Co. in the USA, and thus another name change followed in the UK, Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Ltd. It was in 1933 that an agreement was signed with the parent company in America to manufacture Colgate products in the UK, and production started in London from a factory in Ranelagh Road (on lease since 1929). With war clouds gathering over Europe, a wise decision was taken to establish a manufacturing base for Palmolive in England. In 1938 the soap makers G.W. Goodwins Sons were purchased and Palmolive was produced in the Ivy soapworks at Salford, near Manchester, from July 1939, just six weeks before the outbreak of war. 1940s 1960s After the war, things gradually returned to normal. In 1949 the Company decided to enter the detergent business with Fab a new detergent powder already on sale in the USA. Fab survived for a number of years but was eventually discontinued having succumbed to the pressure of heavy competition. Another brand brought over from the USA was a new type of foaming cleanser called Ajax. Launched also in 1949, Ajax proved popular and became brand leader in the mid 1950s. Colgate Chlorophyll was launched in 1952 at a time when the public were intrigued by anything chlorophyll. Palmolive soap drew attention to the fact that natures chlorophyll is in every tablet. In 1953 the name changed to Colgate-Palmolive Limited. By 1956 Colgates share of the US market had reached 23% (from 9% in 1947). New product launches in the 1950s included Lustre-Creme shampoo, Cue hair dressing, Kan-Kil aerosol insect killer, Rapid-shave aerosol lather (1954), Ajax liquid all purpose cleaner with ammonia-plus (promoted on TV as cleans like a white tornado) and Cadum toilet soap in 1955. In the UK in 1964, brand leader Colgate introduced Colgate fluoride, the toothpaste that helps stop bad breath and fights tooth decay. This was updated in 1970 with a new formula containing monofluorophosphate or MFP, and two years later this brand was combined with the standard Colgate to create Colgate MFP Fluoride. The other major launch was Ultrabrite in 1968; New Ultrabrite the extra-strength toothpaste for really white teeth. Youll love its new zingy flavour too. Noticeably there was no attempt at directly linking the Colgate name to Ultrabrite. It was in 1965 that one of the most memorable TV advertising campaigns began for Colgates Ring of Confidence. A continuous stream of TV commercials in the form of before and after mini stories showed the lasting benefits of using Colgate. Even today many remember the sound of the effective ping. 1970s 1990s 1976 saw the arrival of Soft Gentle aerosol, a new antiperspirant that did not sting, even after shaving. Its image evoked by its packaging, was feminine, kind and mild. Woodleigh Green, the shampoo and soap with a fresh, green apple fragrance was introduced in 1979. Under the worldwide Chairmanship of Reuben Mark, appointed to the position in 1984, Colgate-Palmolive sold many of its recently acquired companies and concentrated on building strength in its core businesses of oral care, body care, household surface care and Hills Pet Nutrition. Colgate was still Britains top selling toothpaste and throughout the eighties the company continued to develop its products, first with improved MFP fluoride, and then the introduction of Blue Minty Gel the first toothpaste to target 9 -14 year olds. In 1986 Colgate Junior was introduced and Colgate Tartar Control. In 1984 the new pump action toothpaste dispenser made its debut, and five years later another packaging improvement, the easy to use fliptop cap. Innovation and focus describe the companys activities in the nineties. Perhaps the most innovative development came in 1993 with the launch of Colgate Total toothpaste the most effective toothpaste available. This was just the start of new toothpaste introductions Colgate Platinum (1995) for that fashion model whiteness, Colgate Total Fresh Stripe (1995) and Triple Cool Stripe (1996) and Colgate Sensation Deep Clean (1997). Other new arrivals appeared in the Soft Gentle range with a Smooth Solid (a completely new format for anti-perspirants) and Lights, using the latest fragrance. Soft Gentle had always had fragrance as a key differentiator, and it is this aspect of the product that is constantly changing to keep up with current fine fragrance trends. Soft Gentle cream was launched in 2001. The roll on had aloe vera added in 2002, and there was also a packaging upgrade. Palmolive entered the growing market for shower gels with a range of irresistible products all designed to leave the skin smooth to the touch. 1999 saw the launch of Colgate Whitening and Colgate Superstar. Colgate Fresh Confidence was launched in 2000, and in 2001 Colgate Herbal and Colgate Total Plus Whitening arrived. Colgate-Palmolive Values Our three fundamental values-Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything we do. They are the foundation for our business strategy and are reflected in every aspect of our work life. Caring The Company cares about people: Colgate people, customers, shareholders and business partners. Colgate is committed to act with compassion, integrity and honesty in all situations, to listen with respect to others and to value differences. The Company is also committed to protect the global environment and to enhance the communities where Colgate people live and work. Global Teamwork All Colgate people are part of a global team, committed to working together across countries and throughout the world. Only by sharing ideas, technologies and talents can the Company achieve and sustain profitable growth. Continuous Improvement Colgate is committed to getting better every day in all it does, as individuals and as teams. By better understanding consumers and customers expectations and continuously working to innovate and improve products, services and processes, Colgate will become the best. PRODUCT Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, services, goods or ideas. What is Colgate Herbal White toothpaste? Colgate Herbal White toothpaste combines Colgates expertise in oral care with some of natures finest ingredients. With its unique blend of herbs, Colgate Herbal White delivers a great brushing experience to help ensure first and foremost your good oral health. Plus, it whitens too. How does it work to whiten and strengthen teeth? Colgate Herbal White helps whiten teeth with gentle cleaning silica and calcium carbonate. It removes surface stains from food and drink. Colgate Herbal White also helps strengthen teeth with fluoride. What are the benefits of using Colgate Herbal White? Colgate Herbal Whites special blend of herbs gives it a unique flavor that leaves your mouth with a fresh feeling. In addition, the Colgate Herbal White formula contains fluoride to help prevent cavities while helping to strengthen teeth. What herbs are used and what do they do? Melissa herb: known for its soothing qualities Eucalyptus: noted for its energizing properties Lemon Extract: recognized for its fresh, aromatic flavor Natural Mint: enjoyed for its naturally refreshing taste What makes Colgate Herbal White different from other Colgate toothpastes? How does it compare with other whitening toothpastes? Colgate Herbal White is the only Colgate toothpaste in the market that contains natural herbs in its formula. Its unique combination of calcium carbonate and high cleaning silica delivers whitening and a fresh feeling in your mouth. Can children use Colgate Herbal White? Yes. As with any other toothpaste, children 2 to 6 years old should use a pea-sized amount and should brush under the supervision of an adult. For children under 2 years old please consult a dentist or physician. What happens if the cap is left open? Because Colgate Herbal White has a natural base of calcium carbonate, the toothpaste can lose some of its moisture and harden if the cap is left off for prolonged periods of time. To avoid this, always close the cap after brushing. What makes Colgate Herbal White different from other herbal toothpastes? We cant really comment on other companies products. We can tell you that Colgate Herbal White contains fluoride and the expert science of Colgate to help ensure first and foremost your good oral health. Product Life Cycle Launching a product leads to a life cycle through which passing of product is considered as natural.A product life cycle phenomenon can be viewed as Introductory stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage Colgate Herbal Toothpaste is successfully passing through the introductory stage and entering into the growth stage. Colgate people develop the products after identifying the core consumer needs that the product will satisfy. They introduce the product after careful segmentation and identifying the target market. Since their target market as they know is going towards the natural products for the health of their teeth, so Colgate has introduced its Colgate Herbal which is a blend of natural herbs and modern scientific research. They continuously develop the product for their customer satisfaction. They have close eye on the market and whenever they find a gap in the market, they launch a product whenever they find a gap in the market. Colgate Business Strategy Colgates tightly defined leadership strategy focuses on four core global businesses: Oral Care, Personal Care, Home Care and Pet Nutrition. Around the world, Colgate people all work together to succeed in:  · Driving Growth  · Funding Growth  · Becoming the Best Place to Work Our long history of strong performance comes from absolute focus on our core global businesses, combined with a successful worldwide financial strategy. This financial strategy is designed to increase gross profit margin and reduce costs in order to fund growth initiatives and generate greater profitability. Target Market Colgate Pakistan considers the whole population of the country as its target marketHowever for different sorts of consumers it has developed different flavors and tastes in the tooth paste sector especially. Colgate Anti-cavity protection tooth paste is basically designed to remove the cavity on teeth and for fresh breath. Colgate Fresh Stripe Gel is for whitening teeth with fresh breath. Target market for its Herbal white is nature sensitive users. Users that want whitening of tooth paste through natural ingredients. It not only whitens your teeth but also gives you a feeling of fresh breath. Children of all ages can use it. Its Natural Herbs attracts all Nature Lover. PRICE The amount of money that one has to pay to buy the product is known as price. Price is the element in marketing mix that produces revenue while the other elements of marketing mix generate cost only. They company must set its price in relation to the value delivered and the value perceived by the customer. Being as a market leader in tooth paste industry Colgate sets its prices in view the product itself, target customer class and competitors product prices. Pricing Strategies Colgate has maintained the custom of launching the new product at low prices so that every customer can take a trial of the product. Colgate changes its prices to meet the competition but only at that time when the prices of competitors decrease because of national change in prices. Every customer has to pay the same amount to buy the products of Colgate Palmolive in Pakistan. It means the company is following uniform delivered pricing strategy for all its products. Before setting price Colgate considers the following  · Pricing objectives  · Importance of pricing for target customers  · Identifies the demand  · Estimated costs  · Competitors prices PLACE/DISTRIBUTION The process of making the product available to customers to right customers at right places. Colgate is using in direct second level of distribution to make its products available to final consumers Distribution channel always keep in touch with the target customer and competitors as well. They provide all the information ton the company which contains problems and competitors actions. The distributors have their own godowns in which they store the companys products. It is the responsibility of the retailer to provide the product to the retailer at his door step. PROMOTION Promotion is necessary to reach consumers with which Colgate interacts. Promotion is communication used to inform, persuade or remind. Personal selling, advertising, publicity and public relations are the four key elements of the promotion mix. Colgate is targeting the whole population of Pakistan through advertisement. Company also introduces different promotion schemes such as discounts and 2 in 1. Colgate gives high emphasis on direct approach to customers. Its sales team visit citites after cities where they involve in experiments of tooth whitening. They try to satisfy their customers at the spot. S.W.O.T. Analysis Strategic Planning and Thinking S.W.O.T. stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. The SWOT analysis provides us with an analytical framework for studying a Companys position and strategy. Strengths and Weaknesses are internal factors of a Company. Opportunities and Threats are external factors. It allows you to analyze the different factors which affect the relative competitiveness of a Corporation. While SWOT is a useful tool to organize information, it is based on the subjective assessment of a situation. As such, as SWOT analysis is only as good as the information to goes into them. Strengths  · Companys presence in 200 countries is its biggest strength  · Strong Corporate image of Colgate Palmolive  · Strong Financial Position  · Worldwide research and excessive emphasize on technology.  · Strong social image of the Company  · Well-established and renowned distributors  · Highly enthusiastic sales team  · More concern towards quality improvement  · A blend of scientific research with natural herbs Weaknesses Only emphasize on urban market while suburban and rural areas are neglected to some extent. Colgate promotion budget is very less as compared to its competitors. Opportunities According to the information obtained by company marketing manager as well Chamber of commerce and Industry Karachi, and Pakistan Dental Association the market is growing rapidly. People are becoming more and more health conscious. Due to this growing market there are a lot of opportunities for Colgate to exploit this growing market by introducing new products. Due to shift from artificial components to natural things people are demanding products that are very natural. This trend is a good opportunity to capture this segment through efficient marketing practices. Threats Threat of the new entrance is also present. Unilever and Medicame is capturing market increasingly. Locally manufactured as well imported tooth pastes are also threat to Colgate in the competitive market. Market competition is also increasing day by day. Competitor Analysis Colgate Pakistan does not consider any brand as its close competitor in the market. Colgate is the only market leader in the oral care in Pakistan. P G is its world wide competitor but P G is not marketing its brand Crest tooth paste. However Unilever, Glaxosmithkline are having good contribution in the market. Especially Close up is rapidly expanding its product line. But still imported close up is having better share as compared to locally manufactured close up. English laboratories ( English tooth paste) and Roomi Entreprises with Sensodyne are also popular brands in tooth paste market. But Medicame and Synsodyne are categorized in the medicated tooth pastes. Colgate Herbal is uniqeue in its formula and not any other brand is offering Herbal tooth paste in the market. Manjans and tooth powder are losing their importance and mouth washes may increase their current low share. However awareness about the mouthwashes is also increasing but still the trend has not set. Colgate is still market leader in oral care in Pakistan. Its brand image and its diversified products touch it a universal market leader in the oral care and personal care. Conclusion While concluding all the discussion, we would like to tell proudly that Colgate is not only world leader in oral care in the world but also in Pakistan. Colgate has given variety in its products and it has introduced so many flavors and formulas in its tooth pastes. Its brands are world class in quality. Colgate people emphasize on three fundamental values-Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything they do. These values are the foundation for Colgate business strategy and are reflected in every aspect of their work life. Colgate brands are very popular in our society. Colgate is focusing on quality and innovation in oral care sector. Colgate Herbal tooth paste is an innovative step towards a tooth paste industry and Colgate is pioneer to introduce a product that is a blend of Natural Herbals and Scientific research. Colgate will continue to improve its products through innovation and customer satisfaction.

A Room of Ones Own :: Classics, Feminism, Womans Right, Virginia Woolf

A Room of Ones Own Hundreds of years ago, an unconscious culture diseased the female population. Similar to Shakespeare's sister, women were conditioned to conform to a feminine ideology. This concept of femininity spread through out the country essentially defining the nature of a woman and robbing them of their innate sense of self. While women may have dreamed about the day when their creative spirit could be unleashed, those dreams were quickly interrupted by the powerful grasp of male dominance. By repressing women, the feminine role of dependency and obedience was maintained. In return, society's power structure became refueled and the patriarchy was perpetuated. Through time the power structure has broken down, however, I believe Shakespeare's sister continues to exist in many women, still in search of a "room of one's own". Virginia Woolf stressed the importance of having a room of one's own or a place to discover and explore the creative self. She encourages the young women to develop the habit of freedom and the courage to write exactly what they think. More than seventy years later, Woolf's words remain applicable. Women are still struggling to confront the courage and "†¦face the fact†¦that there is no arm to cling to†¦". For, while the societal barriers have disappeared, the mental barriers have not. Though few women are expected to be submissive and obedient, the ideology of the feminine role continues to starve women's souls. The pressure to get married and have children while pushing one's personal desires and passions aside persists. Thus, when a woman's soul is in a state of

The Future of Biopsychology-Obesity

NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: Consuela Kelly-Crisler THIS FORM MUST BE COMPLETELY FILLED IN Please Follow These Procedures: If requested by your mentor, use an assignment cover sheet as the first page of the word processor file. Use â€Å"headers† to indicate your course code, assignment number, and your name on each page of the assignment/homework including this assignment cover sheet. . Keep a Photocopy or Electronic Copy Of Your Assignments: You may need to re-submit assignments if your mentor has indicated that you may or must do so.Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The knowing submission of another persons work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitte d or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. PSY5106Dr. Nicol Moreland BiopsychologyAssignment 8 Faculty Use Only The Future of Biopsychology- Obesity Consuela Kelly-CrislerNorthcentral University Biopsychology PSY5106 Dr. Nicol Moreland December 9, 2012 A person is considered obese when his or her weight is 20% or more above normal weight. The most common measure of obesity is the body mass index or BMI. A person is considered overweight if his or her BMI is between 25 and 29. 9; a person is considered obese if his or her BMI is over 30. â€Å"Morbid obesity† means that a person is either 50%-100% over normal weight, more than 100 pounds over normal weight, has a BMI of 40 or higher, or is sufficiently overweight to severely interfere with health or normal function (What is Obesity? 2012).Obesity occurs when a person consumes more calories than he or she burns. For many people this boils down to eating too much and exercising too little. But there are ot her factors that also play a role in obesity. People tend to gain weight as they get older, even if they don’t alter their eating habits. This is because the human metabolism slows down as we age. We don’t need to take in as many calories as we used to in order to maintain the same weight. Therefore, we store more of the food we take in as fat. Women tend to be overweight more often than men because men tend to burn calories at a higher rate (What is Obesity? 012). Obesity and thinness seems to have a have a nature versus nurture component. If a patient’s biological mother is heavy as an adult, there is approximately a 75% chance that she will be heavy. Likewise, the children of thin parents have a 75% chance of being thin (What is Obesity? 2012). This doesn’t mean that the child of obese parents has to be obese, though. Many find ways to keep the weight off. Genetics are important, but lifestyle choices such as eating and exercise habits are, too. Less a ctive people tend to require less calories than more active people; they don’t need as much fuel because they’re doing less work.Physical activity also causes the body to burn calories faster on average, and decreases appetite. People exercising less is thought to be a leading cause of obesity over the last 20 years. Psychological factors also influence eating habits and obesity. Many people eat in response to negative emotions such as boredom, sadness, or anger. People who have difficulty with weight management may be facing more emotional and psychological issues; about 30% of people who seek treatment for serious weight problems have difficulties with binge eating.During a binge-eating episode, people eat large amounts of food while feeling they can't control how much they are eating. (Obesity Facts, 2012) Obesity can be caused by illness, though people blame more cases of obesity on illness than is actually true. Illnesses sometimes responsible for obesity include hypothyroidism (poorly acting thyroid slows metabolism), depression, and some rare diseases of the brain that can lead to overeating. Social factors, including poverty and a lower level of education, have been linked to obesity.One reason for this may be that high-calorie processed foods cost less and are easier to find and prepare than healthier foods, such as fresh vegetables and fruits. However, the link between low socioeconomic status and obesity has not been conclusively established, and recent obesity research shows that childhood obesity, for instance, is also increasing among high-income groups. The best methods of obesity treatment are dieting and physical exercise. Obese people should adjust their diet to reduce fat and sugar consumption, and increase dietary fiber.Anti-obesity drugs can also be effective in conjunction with a healthy diet, reducing one’s appetite and/or fat absorption. Some obese people require stomach or bowel reduction surgery in order to lose w eight. The smaller stomach allows them to consume less food and still feel full. Obesity is a leading worldwide cause of preventable death, and authorities view it as one of the most serious health problems of this century. While in some cultures, obesity is a sign of prosperity and childbearing, in the Western world, it is frequently viewed negatively.While whether to consider obesity as its own separate disease is a matter of some debate, it is certainly a factor in many physical and mental ailments. Obesity is associated with angina, myocardial infarction and between 21 and 34% of ischemic heart disease, depending on which research you read. Body-mass index levels associated with obesity also double a person’s risk of heart failure and deep-vein thrombosis and cause over 85% of cases of hypertension (five times the normal risk). Obesity is also associated with higher levels of LDL cholesterol and lower levels of HDL.Obesity also has a variety of dermatological affects, inc luding stretch marks, acanthosis nigricans, lymphedema, cellulitis, hirsutis and intertrigo (Bray, 2004). Obesity has also been shown to be linked with type 2 diabetes in 64% of cases in men and 77% of women’s. Sixty percent of patients diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome are obese, as are six percent of the infertile. Obesity is related to many complications in pregancy, including hemorrhage, infection, increased hospital stays for the mother and increased NICU requirements for the infant.Obese women are twice as likely to require a Cesarean section and are at a high risk of preterm births and low birth weight infants. Children born of obese women have a greater risk of anencephaly and spina bifida, cardiovascular anomalies, including septal anomalies, cleft lip and palate, anorectal malformation, limb reduction anomalies, and hydrocephaly (Haslam, 2005). Obese women have a nearly double risk of stroke compared to normal-weight women, while men have twice as great a c hance. Those who are obese have a rate of dementia 1. times greater than those of normal weight. Women obese at the age of eighteen have a greater than double chance of contracting multiple sclerosis. Obesity has also been shown to cause approximately five percent of cancers, including breast, ovarian, esophageal, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, gallbladder, stomach, endometrial, cervical, prostate, kidney, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma (Bray, 2004). In addition to these physical effects, obese people are less likely to get married and make thousands less than their normal-weight counterparts, on average.Depression is also linked to obesity, though an increase in BMI has been linked to a decrease in the risk of suicide. Several studies suggest that many physicians treat obese patients differently. In a 1969 survey of physicians, obese patients were described as â€Å"weak-willed,† â€Å"ugly,† â€Å"awkward,† and â€Å"self-indulgent. † In a more recent physician survey, one of three doctors said they respond negatively to obesity, behind three other diagnostic/social categories: drug addiction, alcoholism, and mental illness. A comparable study found that two-thirds of doctors believe obese patients lack self-control, and 39 percent feel they are lazy.Two studies of nurses showed similar results. These attitudes carry over into the work world, where a job or a promotion is often denied simply because of how much one weighs. Obesity research and treatment is a very provocative subject. A 2011 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association proposes that states consider removing obese children above the 99th percentile from their homes. The author views temporary foster care as part of the remedy for childhood obesity by providing an environment where the children would be exposed to proper nutrition and activity levels.During the separation period, the parents could also be educated on the best ways to assist their child in coping with their issue. Due to the relationship between obesity and low income (low income families can’t easily afford nutritious food, and low earners are often distracted from their family issues, whether by a second job, or by concerns like drug or alcohol abuse) and education (low income families usually aren’t as educated, which bleeds over into health issues like obesity) this solution seems severe but grounded in science.Detractors point out that the home environment is only one contributing factor to obesity, and that a child’s obesity isn’t automatically considered abuse under the law. They cite studies showing that children get more of their food away from home, limiting the influence of even educated and involved parents. Also, neither the potential effectiveness of the proposal in terms of reducing obesity or the potential harm to the family unit caused by the removal have been substantiated. Psychological damage could in fac t be inflicted, both to the parents and child, by causing them to feel at fault for the obesity.This could lead to self-esteem issues, depression and more. This is without even taking into consideration the harm done by taking a child away from his or her parents, even on a temporary basis. Another treatment, as novel as the last if not as heavy-handed, is the potential for virtual-reality treatment of obesity. Virtual reality, also being used to treat psychological disorders like anxiety and addiction, allows clinicians to offer exposure therapy in the comforts of their own offices without the problems sometimes posed by actual exposure.The benefit to the patient comes from being in a safe environment where they can let themselves connect emotionally with the treatment. Virtual reality has already been shown to induce a variety of controlled changes in the body, to include the sensation of a fake limb or an out of body experience. Researchers have even used virtual reality to give male subjects the feeling of being in a female body. From this point, it's only a small leap to giving an obese person the sensation of being in a a normal-weight body.In one experiment, scientists discovered the neural systems involved in VR improvement of body image. This, combined with an adaptation of therapy used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, is being used the help patients identify and change habits contributing to eating disorders and obesity. The first twenty minutes of the VR sessions are used for the therapist to get an understanding of the patient's concerns and experiences related to food. The patient does most of the talking, while the therapist guides the session. The second twenty minutes are devoted to the actual VR session.The simulation can create a number of environments, like a classroom, apartment, or pub, to recreate some of the experiences the patient detailed to the therapist. The simulation also includes a body-image room, where the patient can cr eate an ideal VR body and compare it to their real one. The last twenty minutes are used to discuss the patient's VR experience. In terms of ethical considerations, the first needs to be how much the government, communities and families are obligated to ensuring obese people get the treatment they need.It is very easy to dismiss obese people as having â€Å"done it to themselves,† since many cases could simply be prevented by eating better and exercising more. Mental illnesses are, by and large, viewed differently by much of the public than physical ailments. A person who doubled in size due to a war injury that prevented them from exercising, for instance, would likely garner more sympathy than a person who simply doubled in size because they went to McDonald's four times a week. This, of course, influences the discussion on how much the government should be obligated to pay for medical care of the obese.Much like the arguments against smokers being covered by public assista nce against the effects of their bad habit, a case can be made for whether tax dollars should pay for an obese person's weight-reduction surgery or triple bypass. While the legitimacy of these concerns can probably never be agreed upon yet by the majority, the government's responsibility to educate people on preventative measures and healthy choices cannot be minimized, and the effects of those programs should not be overlooked.Some scientists acknowledge the responsibility of the obese for their conditions, but believe that it should only be a treatment focus if it did not harm the patient's mental health. Those scientists also take issue with the public opinion stigma against obese people, due to the additional burden it places on patients. In the Western world especially, obese people are often considered lazy, overeaters or both. It is not ethical to assume this is true in all cases, those researchers say, and not ethical to create policy or legislation based on those assumption s, either.Those assumptions can only be used positively in the shaping of preventative suggestions (anyone will benefit from more exercise and better eating, obese or not, so it's acceptable to suggest them to everyone). Another consideration is what obese patients themselves consider acceptable in terms of treatment. Studies sow that obese adults prefer interventions that are non-commercial, don't fall back on common stereotypes and promote lifestyle changes (health initiatives and exercise) rather than simple weight loss (dieting, bariatric surgery).Care should be taken to ensure that treatment of obese patients does not impact their mental health negatively, by reinforcing social stigmas, negative self-image, instilling disregard for the positive social and cultural aspects of eating, disregarding the patient's privacy and personal freedom in decision-making. One model, the Nuffield Council on Bioethics stewardship model of public health, recommends public programs that do not at tempt to coerce adults to lead healthy lives, minimize introduction of interventions with-out consent; and minimize interventions that are unduly intrusive and in con? ct with personal values. The stewardship model also incorporates an intervention ladder, ranging from ‘no intervention’ to ‘eliminating choice’ altogether. Eliminating choice, under this model, would be reserved for serious public health issues, such as an infectious patient requiring quarantine in order to ensure the safety of the general population—something obviously more serious than an obese patient. Restricting choice would take the form of removing unhealthy ingredients or foods from stores and restaurants (as in the recent limit on the size of fountain drinks in New York City).Guiding through disincentives or incentives is on another level of the spectrum, by making it not worth a person's effort to do something, or vice versa—higher medical insurance premiums for obese people who are doing it to themselves, for example. It is a model that clearly illustrates ways in which the government can support public health without becoming overbearing and infringing on people's rights. In summary, obesity is a major public health issue with far reaching consequences to a fair majority of the population. It is detrimental to those who suffer from it, both mentally and physically.Its physical effects are literally a head-to-toe list of increases risks of illness and injuries. Its mental effects include damage to patients' self-image, which can bleed over into how the patient deals with work, social situations, parenting and every other aspect of life. There are numerous factors involved in an obese person's condition; genetics, upbringing, cultural values and mores, living environment and socio-economics. Some people become obese due to pre-existing medical concerns, while others achieve the condition by eating the wrong things and not exercising enough.Once t hey do reach an obesity-qualifying body-mass index level, they can expect (in the Western world, at least), they can be expected to be held responsible for their condition no matter how it was reached, and to be treated differently simply because they're not at a normal weight. Treatments for obesity range from the tried-and-true to the newfangled and from therapeutic to overbearing, with varying degrees of efficacy. Some involve the government, while others simply a life coach, dietician or trainer. Opinions on how to handle obesity fall at varying points on a wide spectrum.The most logical source of information on how obese people should be treated—obese people themselves—tend to prefer an approach that helps them change their lives as a whole in order to lose weight and prevent harmful behaviors, rather than one that consists merely of a change in diet with no measures against become obese again at a later date. The ethical concerns in treating obesity include how t o best treat obesity without making the patient feel worse about their problem and how much responsibility should be borne by someone other than the obese person themselves (i. . , the government). Future treatments for obesity may very well take a more holistic approach rather than simply tackling the separate components of diet and exercise. Scientists have taken steps toward mapping the areas of the brain involved with impulse control and self-image, and developing ways of modifying behaviors using this information may prove useful in stemming the tide. Similar discoveries may fuel new ways of educating people on how to prevent obesity in the future as well, rather than only ways of reversing it after the fact.And of course, the more understanding we have of obesity and its causes, the more tolerant and accepting we should become as a whole towards people suffering from it. References What is Obesity? (2012) Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://www. webmd. com/diet/what-is-obe sity Bray GA (2004). Medical consequences of obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Haslam DW, James WP (2005). Obesity. Lancet Childhood Obesity Prevention. (2012). In Root Cause. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http://rootcause. org/childhood-obesity-preventionObesity Facts, Causes, Emotional Aspects and When to Seek Help. (2012). In WebMD. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http://www. webmd. com/diet/what-is-obesity? page=2 Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Hahler B (June 2006). An overview of dermatological conditions commonly associated with the obese patient. Arendas K, Qiu Q, Gruslin A (June 2008). â€Å"Obesity in pregnancy: pre-conceptional to postpartum consequences†. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (April 2003). Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U. S. adults†. Relationship Between Poverty and Overweight or Obesity. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from htt p://frac. org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/are-low-income-people-at-greater-risk-for-overweight-or-obesity/ Meetoo D. The imperative of human obesity: an ethical reflection. Br J Nurs 2010; 19: 563–8. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Public health: ethical issues. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics; 2007. Available at: http://www. nuffieldbioethics. org/public-health (Cited 9 December 2011).

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young’s double slits Formal Lab Florencia Shi Purpose: The double slits experiment was conducted to observe the interference of light waves, to explore how interference pattern would be affected by different colours, and to determine whether interference would change if the angle of slits was changed horizontally or vertically. Hypothesis: Dark and light bands would be seen, and red light causes wider nodal spacing, while blue light causes shorter nodal spacing. Materials: In this experiment, a lamp base assembly, a piece of blue filter, a piece of red filter, a slit plate, a laser pointer, a meter scale, and a 40 W lamp were used.Procedures: 1. A 40 W lamp was assembled in a lamp base assembly, and the assembly was settled on the edge of a desk top. 2. The lamp was turned on. And the filament of the lamp was seen, from a distance, by a person through the double slits on the slit plate. The shape of the interference was recorded. 3. A piece of red filter was placed in front of the lamp, and the lamp was seen, from a distance through the same double slits. The change of the interference pattern was recorded. 4.The filament of the lamp was seen by a student standing a certain distance away through the same double slits with a piece of blue filter placed in front of the lamp. The change of interference pattern was observed. 5. The slit plate was rotated vertically and horizontally, while other factors were kept constant. The change of interference pattern was observed. 6. The laser light conducted by the laser pen was directed through the double slits onto a piece of paper located 3m away. The interference pattern was observed through the slits. 7. The nodal spacing on that piece of paper was measured. 8.Step 6 and step 7 were repeated at a distance of 2m away. Observations: 1. The patterns of lamp light interference were dark and light bands, while the patterns of laser interference were dark and light spots. 2. After the red filter was placed in front of the lamp, the nodal spacing increased. After the blue filter was placed in front of the lamp, the nodal spacing decreased. 3. After the slit plate was rotated vertically, the light and dark bands were not parallel to each other any more, because after the slit plate was rotated vertically, the top and bottom of the double slits were not in the same vertical straight line.After the slit plate was rotated horizontally, the nodal spacing increased, because the distance between two slits (d) decreased. |Distance |? x1/2 |? x2 |? x3 |? x4 |? x5/2 |? xav | |(m) | | | | | | | |3m |0. 0022 |0. 0051 |0. 0049 |0. 0042 |0. 0025 |0. 0047 | |2m |0. 020 |0. 0048 |0. 0042 |0. 0039 |0. 0021 |0. 0043 | Discussion: 1. Dark and light bands were seen through the double slits. These were seen because the two lights came from the same source and had the same frequency. Therefore interference of light waves occurred. The light band was where two crests or two troughs intersected (antinodes), and the dark band was where a crest and a trough intersected (nodes). 2. A wider nodal space occurred in the interference pattern.Since when the lamp was blocked by the red filter, only red light could go through it, and the dark band occurs when the difference between the travelling distances of the two light waves is half of the wavelength. Since the red light has a longer wavelength, half of the wavelength increases accordingly, which means the dark bands will be more away from the central bright band. 3. The nodal space of the interference pattern decreased, since blue light has a shorter wavelength. 4. Blue has the shorter wavelength, and it was proved when the nodal spacing of the interference pattern became shorter. 5.After the slit plate was rotated vertically, the light and dark bands were not parallel to each other any more, because after the slit plate was rotated vertically, the top and bottom of the double slits were not in the same vertical straight line. After the slit plate was r otated horizontally, the nodal spacing increased, because the distance between two slits (d) decreased. 7. The pattern of laser interference consisted of light and dark spots, while the pattern of lamp light interference consisted of dark and light bands, because the light of the lamp could diffuse into a wider range of direction, while laser was ollimated, and was directed into a much narrower direction. 8. |Distance |? x1/2 |? x2 |? x3 |? x4 |? x5/2 |? xav | |(m) | | | | | | | |3m |0. 0022 |0. 0051 |0. 0049 |0. 0042 |0. 0025 |0. 0047 | |2m |0. 0020 |0. 0048 |0. 0042 |0. 0039 |0. 0021 |0. 0043 | 9. 1. Conclusion: Based on observations gathered during the experiment, the interference pattern of the 40 W lamp consisted of dark and light bands. When red filter was used, the nodal spacing of the pattern increased, and when blue filter was used, the nodal spacing of the pattern decreased. After the slit plate was rotated vertically, the light and dark bands were not parallel to each oth er any more. After the slit plate was rotated horizontally, the nodal spacing increased. The interference pattern changed into dark and light spots, after laser pointer replaced the lamp as a light source.The wavelength of the laser was predicted to be And the percentage of error calculated was Experimental Uncertainties: 1. The value of nodal spacing (? x) measured was not precise because the scale of a meter scale is only accurate to millimetres. 2. The slit plate was not exactly parallel to the screen that interference pattern was shown. 3. The measured nodal spacing (? x) was not precise due to the width of the slit. The d was only the distance between two slits, without including the width of the slit.

20 Anthropology Essay Topics What to Include in an Essay on Dorset Culture

20 Anthropology Essay Topics What to Include in an Essay on Dorset Culture If it is mentioned in your syllabus this semester, chances are, your teacher will ask you to write an essay on Dorset Culture. Unfortunately, as intriguing as this civilization may be, the pressure of writing an essay and submitting it on time is bound to get to you. In some cases, it can bring on a mental block, preventing you from even coming up with a good topic for your essay. Luckily, you do not have to worry about this issue any longer as the following lines offer great topics you can choose to write on. The following are interesting topics that you can use as they are or to come up with your own. However, these are quite broad, so you need to narrow them down to ensure that your essay is well organized. The Rise and Fall of the Dorset Culture Between 500 BCE–1500 CE The Arrival of the Thule and its Ramifications on the Dorset Civilization A Study of the Cape Dorset Culture that Existed Before the Thule The Discovery of the Dorset Civilization Interactions Between the Norse Vikings and Dorset Culture in Canadian Eastern Arctic The First Encounters between the Skraeling People and the European Settlers The Cultural Systems of the Dorset People The Domestic Architecture of the Dorset Civilization The Spiritual and Supernatural Beliefs of the Dorset Civilization A Comparison Between the Dorset Civilization and the Paleo-Eskimos The Hunting Practices the Dorset Civilization Embraced for Survival How the Dorset Civilization Co-existed with the Thule Civilization The Unclear Connection Between the Sadlermiut and the Dorset Culture Innovations Credited to the Dorset Civilization The Art of Creating Weapons and Hunting Knife Blade from Lithic Material in Dorset Tradition How the Dorset Culture Survived the Conditions of their Habitat Over the Years The Settlement Patterns of the Dorset Civilization in North America The Artistic Creations of the Dorset Tradition and the Discovery of the Art of Carving The Extinction of the Dorset Civilization New Findings on the Dorset Culture Based on DNA Studies Once you pick a topic, remember to abide by the format your instructors requirements you are obligated to follow. There are also 23 facts on Dorset culture and complete guidelines on how to write an anthropology essay on the subject. If you still feel that you cannot write an essay just yet, here is a sample that can spark your own creativity and help you determine the direction your essay will take. Sample Anthropology Essay on Artistic Creations of the Dorset Tradition and the Discovery of the Art of Carving The natural preservation of the Dorset sites has led the anthropologists to discover organic materials like bone, antlers, ivory and wood. These organic materials were used to create many of the beautiful artifacts that have survived through the years and are currently stored in museums to shed more light on this civilization. The Dorset people were extremely talented when it came to making beautiful artifacts via knapping, grooving and chafing different raw materials. It is this talent that differentiated them from the Thule civilization which had ample experience in warfare and weapon making. On the other hand, the Dorset Tradition had peaceful aspirations, a fact reflected in their craftsmanship. As they were a closed community that hardly interacted with other civilizations, much of their art has been inspired by members of their own community and elements of nature. At times, Dorset artists combined human and animal figures to create interesting motifs. Many of the artefacts discovered over the years did not have practical applications. Archeologists are still unaware of whether these pieces were merely used for decoration or for religious purposes. However, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in Ottawa believe that this prehistoric arctic art was implemented to ward off bad luck and evil spirits or assist in shamanic rituals. This would explain the masks and face clusters uncovered in archeological sites. Further examination of the artefacts left behind by the Dorset culture revealed that no two artefacts are alike. This is because the techniques and styles used in creating them vary by the backgrounds of the artists themselves. This comes as no surprise considering how members of this civilization were spread across the arctic. Moreover, men alone were not limited to creating these artefacts. Women, both young and elderly would unleash their creativity, depicting subjects they were passionate about in soapstone, stone, bone, whalebone and ivory. Like other indigenous cultures that were known to spend their time creating tools that would assist them in hunting or defending their villages, the Dorset Tradition also took the time to create weapons and tools from the same raw materials they used for their sculptures. Other artifacts discovered from the Dorset digging sites include various interesting tools such as the triangular points with concave bases and burin-like tools. In addition to axe-like wood carving cutting tools, scrapers of different kinds were also dug from the sites, such as end-scrapers and semi-circular side scrapers. The Dorset people also exhibited great talent while making knives and sharp pointed tools. Furthermore, they also made tanged microblades, schist blades, harpoon heads, arrowheads, snow knives, sled runners, and snow crampons. There is no end to the creativity of the Dorset culture, especially with so many elements in the surroundings to continuously inspire the people. However, preserving whatever remained behind is important as these artistic pieces have the power to inspire today’s artists as well. References: Michael Fortescue, Steven Jacobson Lawrence Kaplan (1994): Comparative Eskimo Dictionary; with Aleut Cognates (Alaska Native Language Center Research Paper 9) Robert McGhee (2005): The Last Imaginary Place: A Human History of the Arctic World Robert McGhee (2001): Ancient People of the Arctic Plummet Patrick, Lebel Serge (1997). Dorset Tip Fluting: A Second American Invention. Arctic Anthropology 34 (2): 132–162. Renouf M.A.P. (1999). Prehistory of Newfoundland Hunter-Gatherers: Extinctions or Adaptations?. World Archaeology 30 (3): 403–420 Bonvillain, Nancy. The Inuit. Chelsea House Publishers, 1995 britannica.com/topic/Dorset-culture Avataq Cultural Institute, 2015, Arctic Chronology, source: avataq.qc.ca/en/Institute/Departments/Archaeology/Discovering-Archaeology/Arctic-Chronology

Formal Lab Report Essay Example

Formal Lab Report Essay Example Formal Lab Report Essay Formal Lab Report Essay Once we gathered exactly 12 brine shrimp, we then dumped the contents of the cylinder, including the brine shrimp, into the Petri dish labeled C' for control. We continued to use the pipette to gather 12 brine shrimp and measured the level to 20 ml for each of the other Petri dishes until each Petri sis contained 12 brine shrimp each. Step 4- Before adding any of the concentrations to the Petri dishes, we put the lids on all four of the Petri dishes and set our Stop watch for 5 minutes to observe the brine shrimp in their controlled atmosphere. Once 5 minutes ended, we then counted the number of live brine shrimp and recorded the information on a chart for each individual Petri dish. This was very important because brine shrimp are known for cannibalistic behaviors and losing a brine shrimp to cannibalism would throw off the count of live shrimp after the concentrations have been deed. Step 5- We discussed how affective we thought each concentration would be towards the brine shrimp. Our hypothesis was that ammonia will have the highest LLC-50 (toxicity), bleach will have the intermediate LLC-50 (toxicity) and vinegar will have the lowest LLC-50 (toxicity). : Step 6- Once the hypothesis was made, we gathered our dropper bottles of ammonia, vinegar and bleach. Leaving the C (control) Petri dish aside, we began adding the proper chemicals to the assigned Petri dish using a clean pipette pump assigned to each chemical. Each person was responsible for one Petri dish cause the chemicals had to be added at the same time to get accurate results. The Petri dish labeled V was given 0. 5 ml of vinegar, the Petri dish labeled B was given 0. 5 ml of bleach, the dish labeled A was given 0. Ml of ammonia at the same time and then we gently swirled the liquid in the Petri dishes and quickly replaced the lids and began the stop watch for 5 minutes. Step 7- Once 5 minutes was up We counted the number Of live brine shrimp in each Petri dish and calculated the concentration percent and mortality rate percentage. Using the number of live shrimp, we were able to calculate the umber of dead brine shrimp, which then allowed us to calculate the percent mortality rate at each concentration level. Because the brine shrimp were so small it was optional to use the magnifying glass or hand lens to be able to count the number of live brine shrimp in each dish. Formula for calculating concentration %: Niacin (Mimi) + brine (ml)= ml + amount of chemical added-? Total Volume NEXT (amount of chemical) / (total volume) x Formula for calculating mortality rate 96: (total dead) / (total starting number) x (1 % Step 8- We added another 0. 5 ml of each chemical to their signed Petri dishes a second time and set the stop watch for 5 minutes again. After the five minutes, we counted the number of live brine shrimp and calculated the mortality rate percentage. Step 9- Next began adding 1 ml of each chemical to their assigned Petri dishes, set the stop watch for 5 minutes and when the 5 minutes was over, we recorded the number of live shrimp and calculated the mortality rate percentage. We continued repeating this step, until a total of (five) 1 -ml aliquots had been added and the data was recorded. Step 10- Since the mortality rate for the brine shrimp in the Petri sizes labeled V (vinegar) and A (ammonia) had reached at least 80%, we could then end the test with that particular group of brine shrimp. The remaining Petri dish, B (bleach), had not reached at least 80% mortality rate so we continued to test it. Only this time, we had to begin adding 2 ml of bleach to the Petri dish and set the stop watch for 5 minutes and record data. This Step was done 2 times. Step 11- The addition Of 2 doses Of 2 mils was not changing the mortality rate, so we had to begin adding 5 mils and recording the number of live shrimp after 5 minutes and calculated the retaliatory rate percentage. This was done twice. F-anally on the third dose of 5 mils, we reached a mortality rate of at least 80%. We then recorded our final data. RESULTS: According to the data recorded we came out with different results than our hypothesis.

Please Let Your Interest Be Piqued

Please Let Your Interest Be Piqued Please Let Your Interest Be Piqued Please Let Your Interest Be Piqued By Maeve Maddox A reader received an email whose writer expressed this earnest wish: I hope this peeks your interest in advertising with us. This misspelling of pique is widespread: GNDs are here to connect you with things, we hope, will make you laugh. OR Peek your interest. ad for production company This book is fascinating and the author infuses the story with mystery and peaks your interest throughout. Amazon book review Now its time to choose what peeks your interest and develop your own personal spin on it. Thats the first step to being successful out here, so I hope you take this message seriously. tips for website development I hope the interview below peaks your interest.   blogger If you have never fished for a Peacock bass, we hope this peaks your interest enough to take your first venture fishing site Please look through these groups when you have a chance to see if there is something that peaks your interest. group networking site I hope my website peaks your interest, clears up any questions you have, and motivates you to become my patient. a dentists site I hope the following peeks your interest in continuing education. diving site Alright, lets face facts. Everybody loves a discount. It doesnt matter what product peeks your interest at a given moment, discount shopping is a favorite pass time of many. business site (Yep, this one is a veritable goldmine of misuse: Alright, doesnt, pass time) pique [pÄ“k] : verb To stimulate or provoke (a person) to action, esp. by arousing jealousy, etc.; to arouse (a feeling, esp. curiosity or interest). Its when pique is used in the sense of stimulating interest that it is most frequently misspelled as peek or peak. Other meanings of pique as a verb: pique: transitive verb. To wound the pride of, irritate, or offend; to make resentful. Ex. She deliberately tried to pique him by referring to his old girlfriend. pique: transitive verb used reflexively. To take pride in or congratulate oneself on. Ex. She piques herself on her good taste in home furnishings. As a noun pique can have these meanings: A quarrel or feeling of enmity between two or more people, countries, etc.; ill feeling, animosity. (A feeling of) anger, irritation, or resentment, resulting from a slight or injury, esp. to ones pride; offence taken. Now esp. in fit of pique. Ex. She quit the club in a fit of pique. Pique comes from the French verb piquer, to sting, to bite. Amateur book reviewers can probably continue misspelling pique with impunity. People trying to sell their services or a product, however, may want to learn to spell it correctly. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksWord Count and Book Length

Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Analysis paper - Essay Example For instance, in the 1920s, there were various organizations that were dedicated in the in the provision of important precedents including suburbs and the bungalow building, Victoria streetcar among others (Cohen 194). Inequality in education that rose in the 1950s is another critical element that has been emphasized by the author. In fact, some of the problems that communities may be facing today regarding the inequality in education may have been as a result of the problems suburbia created during those days (Cohen 194). The author describes Suburbia as the home of affluence as well as the home of inequality. Inequality was the order of the day. Inequality was widely spread in almost every aspect of life in Suburbia. Access to mortgages, tax benefits, credit, as well as mass income tax, worked better in favor of a particular group compared to other groups. Additionally, there was still inequality between men and women, middle class, and working class as well as between the whites and the blacks. The prices of homes in Suburban communities were extremely high. Actually, they were high to an extent that very few workers in the manufacturing firms were willing to move closer the workplaces. With an average weekly was of $ 116.62, workers could not afford to pay for homes in areas where most industries were moving (Cohen 197). Segmentation of housing was somehow reduced after the postwar metropolitan housing market. Those working class individuals who were set aside for the middle-class suburban communities were simply by virtue of their personal expenses. For instance, to get a house in New Jersey in the early 1960s, about twenty miles away North West of Newark, an individual was required to take a mortgage of $ 15,000. Also, one was required to pay maintenance, taxes, other utilities and more important one was required to including the commuting cost. Mathematically, an individual was required to have an annual income of $

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 38

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE - Essay Example I also completely agree with what you said about dealing with a challenging person in terms of gossip and jokes. I had not considered this aspect before, but I think you are right that it might hurt your credibility with that person. According to an article entitled â€Å"How to communicate effectively with difficult and challenging personalities,† it is vital that a person is very organized and has what they are going to say planned out when talking to a challenging person(Sabol). I definitely think you hit the nail on the head with this idea when you talked about sending them further information like a credible website after speaking with them. I think doing this allows the challenging person some time to think over what you have said and work through any of their doubts or concerns with what was said as well. In talking to an open minded person, you mentioned that you might ask their thoughts on certain things. I think that is a good idea because it lets this person know that you care about their thoughts and ideas and are open to suggestion. The one thing that I think is difficult in a workplace environment, however, is the process of identifying which person fits into which category, especially in terms of peers, challenging people, and open-minded people. In your opinion, how do you decide who fits into what category before embarking on a specific persuasion or communication technique? Sabol, Byron. "How to Communicate Effectively with Difficult and Challenging Personalities." EzineArticles. 2007. Web. 12 Jan. 2012.

Evaluation of the Software Project (Travel App) Research Paper

Evaluation of the Software Project (Travel App) - Research Paper Example From the software application Travel App., usability of the system has been considered and met in the design of the application. It is very easy to learn and understand as the number of buttons used has been minimized completely. Where fewer buttons are used, the user of the system has time to glance at them through at once to get the intended button with ease. The way the buttons have been labeled is another aspect that makes the application easy to learn and use as the instructions to be input are clear and precise. Even a naà ¯ve user can confidently use the system without any form of problem. It has been designed using the user-centered design as the clarity of the buttons dictates. A good designed user interface facilitates completion of tasks by users of the system without requiring them to pay more attention to the system. The manner in which a good interface is designed should facilitate its usability. This is achieved through balancing of the visual components and the techn ical functionality of the system when designing it, as it ensures development of usable, operational systems that are adaptable to changing user needs. It can therefore be concluded that the Travel Application has been designed in a usable manner as it meets most of these requirements in the way it has been designed and developed.

The Use Of Mirrors In 16th Century Paintings Essay - 1

The Use Of Mirrors In 16th Century Paintings - Essay Example This paper shows that Anamorphosis is that particular style of drawing in which the piece of art appears distorted until it is viewed by the observer at a particular angle or by means of a special lens. Sometimes whole scenes and landscapes were embedded in these picture puzzles (Chilvers 14, Bousquet 155). A classic example of such a work will be Parmigianino’s Self Portrait done in the year 1434. For this painting, he placed a convex mirror in front and painted exactly what he saw. To lend an added air of authenticity to the image, Parmigianino especially constructed a wooden sphere and cut it in half in exact accordance with the dimensions of the convex mirror. As a result, Parmigianino’s hand appears disproportionately, almost grotesquely large, as it is placed near the mirror. Georges De La Tour’s (George De La Tour) The Repentant Magdalene brings yet another touch of novelty to the usage of mirrors. Here, Tour portrays Mary Magdalene, seated in front of a mirror, gazing absently at it, while her left hand is lightly placed on a skull and the candlelight casts a shadow on her face. The reflection of the mirror is used to point towards the inner reflections of Mary Magdalene. Here the mirror is used to symbolize introspection. Magdalene is shown as gazing at the mirror; it is her inner world, however, that she is gazing at. These examples are only a few. There are many others of this kind where one can see the mirror not just embellishing a painting and adding to its visual and artistic value but also conveying a deeply symbolic and moral meaning.

Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Acquisitions - Essay Example Multiple acquisition can be simply defined as the act of acquiring and subsequently integrating several businesses over a period of time. The primary argument for this type of acquisition is that this method will help investors to â€Å"build a strong market position in a traditionally fragmented market†. In addition to building a strong nationwide market position, this strategy may also assist foreign investors to develop a portfolio of local brands. Referring to Meyer & Tran, it is the most aggressive market entry strategy. Multiple acquisition policy would provide investors with increased flexibility as this method assists them to exercise greater control over local market. One of the notable demerits of the multiple acquisition is that a higher initial investment is required under this type of acquisition strategy. In addition, integration of a number of independent businesses may raise operational difficulties because this process involves organizational change. Possibly, this acquisition strategy would end up in a huge loss unless the top management exhibits higher levels of skill and efficiency. The indirect acquisition is the process of acquiring an organization that locates outside the focal country with a subsidiary unit in the same emerging country. According to Meyer & Tran (2006), indirect acquisition strategy would assist investors to easily and quickly achieve market share, particularly if the acquired firm possesses strong globally and locally recognized brands.

Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 13

Final Paper - Essay Example Moreover, very few people remember their lives when they were young and in their toddler ages. The same principles apply with the main principles that are guiding us in the present day. People are given the liberty to act and to think according to the situation and according to what their instincts hold and tell them. The decision and the way people live is also influenced by many factors that surrounding them. It may range from various diversities such as education, religion, the environment and other factors that influence the guiding principles in a person’s life (Bhattacharjee, p 130). Through various societal and cultural influences, people tend to believe in various practices that make them make the decisions they make in life and stand by them. I therefore do not believe in being controlled by an evil genius because an evil genius tends to make people do wrongs in the society constantly. I believe that human beings have the power to design and choose their fates (Bhattacharjee 150). I believe human beings control themselves and their behavior. An empiricist can coherently believe in God as man’s five senses are not adequately reliable for the main reason that man is neither infallible nor perfect. Humans do not have the divine ability to possess complete flaunt less knowledge to everything around them. There are some things in life that man cannot give adequate answers to. Assured and broad knowledge requires humans to depend on a perfect being and that is God. God is Infallible and full of exhaustive knowledge (Gupta 67). The man’s five senses can only provide information and awareness with reference to only specific attributes of an object. There are many fields that empiricists have no answers to. Believing in god is the only option that can offer those answers. The question of origin and existence for example, answers can only be found in religion. The empiricists believe

Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Acquisitions - Essay Example Multiple acquisition can be simply defined as the act of acquiring and subsequently integrating several businesses over a period of time. The primary argument for this type of acquisition is that this method will help investors to â€Å"build a strong market position in a traditionally fragmented market†. In addition to building a strong nationwide market position, this strategy may also assist foreign investors to develop a portfolio of local brands. Referring to Meyer & Tran, it is the most aggressive market entry strategy. Multiple acquisition policy would provide investors with increased flexibility as this method assists them to exercise greater control over local market. One of the notable demerits of the multiple acquisition is that a higher initial investment is required under this type of acquisition strategy. In addition, integration of a number of independent businesses may raise operational difficulties because this process involves organizational change. Possibly, this acquisition strategy would end up in a huge loss unless the top management exhibits higher levels of skill and efficiency. The indirect acquisition is the process of acquiring an organization that locates outside the focal country with a subsidiary unit in the same emerging country. According to Meyer & Tran (2006), indirect acquisition strategy would assist investors to easily and quickly achieve market share, particularly if the acquired firm possesses strong globally and locally recognized brands.

Othello (How Is He Lead to His Demise) Essay Example for Free

Othello (How Is He Lead to His Demise) Essay Shakespearean writing are ones of which, with a few strokes of a pen, can achieve more than novelists can achieve in a full length novel. Shakespeare’s writing is complex and includes great measures of love, hatred, loyalty, deception and betrayal. These traits of his texts are all evident in Othello. In Act 1, Othello is perceived as a noble moor. With Shakespeare’s invention of the manipulating and cunning Iago, the multi-layered use of Othello’s mothers handkerchief, and Othello’s past military training being resurfaced due to Iago’s lies, all lead Othello to his demise. Deception and betrayal are two of Iago’s worst traits when he is outranked by Cassio. Iago’s capacity for cruelty appears limitless, and no motivation he gives for his actions seems enough to explain the incredible destruction he wreaks on the lives of the people he knows best. His bitterness in not succeeding on becoming lieutenant is not a sufficient enough reason to match his countless acts of evil machinations. Iago uses a subtle approach when provoking Othello to become untrustworthy of Desdemona. He is able to hurt Othello successfully because he understands him so much. He grows closer to Othello as the plot progresses. In Act 2, scene 1 Iago states, â€Å"The moor, howbeit that I endure him not, is of constant, loving, noble nature†. These 3 adjectives indicate his awareness of Othello’s character. As Iago therefore continues to explain that he knows the noble moor would be a deserving husband of his wife, but then uses this knowledge to his power to play with Othello’s thoughts, using his strong love for Desdemona as a portal to self-destruction for all of those he knows best. He makes this statement in soliloquy after Othello and the entire company land on Cyprus. He is able to acknowledge that Othello is a worthy noble man, however, Iago reveals how evil and manipulating he can be, by wanting to utterly destroy Othello’s life and reputation. He is subbed when Othello gives the lieutenant’s position to Cassio. In return he makes ridiculous excuses that Othello slept with his wife Emilia, as another reason for revenge. It is all because of Iago’s cunning and evil power that he ruins these lives for his own sadistic pleasure. The noble moor is led to become the enraged murder when manipulative Iago tells Othello that Desdemona has given his mother’s handkerchief to Cassio. Act 3 Scene 3 is the beginning of Othello’s â€Å"handkerchief plot†, a seemingly insignificant event that becomes the means in which Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Roderigo, Emilia and even Iago himself are completely undone. The handkerchief symbolizes love and with the manipulation of Iago, great depths of anger and untrustworthiness. Othello tells Desdemona that an Egyptian witch gave it to his mother, and it serves as a love charm. â€Å"Make it a darling like your precious eye. To lose’t or to give’t away were such a prediction as nothing else could match† Othello tells Desdemona. Othello’s simile here is an alarming one as it is evident that if Desdemona was to be unfaithful, the superstitious purposes can be equated in value for a precious bodily organ. Shakespeare cleverly allows this item to move amongst characters in the novel before Othello demands evidence of his wife’s disloyalty to him. Iago has already planned out his scheme before confronting Othello. Tell me but this, have you not sometimes seen a handkerchief, spotted with strawberries in your wifes hand? Iago uses this rhetorical question as a persuasive technique to make his point more believable. He explains to Othello that earlier that day he seen Cassio wipe his mouth with the handkerchief. We know that Cassio has not seen the item, and it is in Iago’s pocket whilst he asks this question. Othello is so blinded by jealousy that he accepts Iago’s lie as the strongest possible evidence. Although he forgets Desdemona tried to bind his head with it at dinner. Through this imagery and plot device we see that the importance of the handkerchief assists the noble moor in becoming the enraged murderer in scene 5. Scene 5 sees the story unfold and the main characters undone. Othello enters the room as he hovers over Desdemona whilst he tries to prepare himself to kill her. â€Å"It is the cause; it is the cause, my soul, let me not name it to you, you chaste stars! It is the cause†. This use of repetition implies Othello’s constant thought process and how he knows in his mind she has done wrong. He feels as though he must put an end to her betrayal and disloyalty, if not for himself, but for future men she may do it to. His past military training makes the killing of his wife second nature, a routine manoeuvre that’s sees the horrible deed carried out far easier than the circumstances should have allowed. â€Å"Out, strumpet! Weep’st thou for him to my face?† Desdemona is questioned by Othello, asking if she is calling for Cassio right to his face. â€Å"Down, strumpet!†. Othello proceeds to call Desdemona a whore on numerous occasions. This dramatic visualization enforces the idea that Othello has been greatly manipulated. Iago’s words have pushed him to the extent that he can no longer see Desdemona the way he once used too. His second nature of killing and military training is evident when he does not give Desdemona that chance to say a last prayer. He tells her, â€Å"It is too late†, as he smoothers her with the pillow they once both lay on together. This cruel and unfair treatment comes from what he knows best. If in danger, you must protect yourself. Although he was not in physical harm, his heart was in a much deeper pain. He used his unique skills as his defence mechanism to kill. Othello has been considered one of the most painful of Shakespeares tragedies. It explores the collapse of a proud, honourable man, the killing of a beautiful, dedicated woman, and the unreasoning hate of a â€Å"motiveless† villain. The text has evoked terror and pity in audiences throughout the centuries. Othello however holds a power that is perhaps more abrupt and strongly felt for operating on the personal, human plane.

Development of a Deep Sea ROV

Development of a Deep Sea ROV Jeremy Moros Abstract Australia’s geographical location places it within reach of 65% of the world’s salt water oceans. However, to this day, only 0.9% of the oceans depths have been explored. This journal explores whether or not current technologies allow for the possibility of a series of imagery and sensory underwater drones gathering data from unexplored biological habitats and ecosystems, where the costs and safety of human expeditions have been prohibitive. To discover these depths the proposal for an Unmanned Scientific Data Gathering and Collection System (USDGCS) has been explored to determine whether existing open source platforms such asArduino can be utilised to create a system where once deployed can collect and redistribute first hand data live across the internet. The drone must be designed to perform a large array of tasks, whether it be the photographing and mapping at extreme depths, or the monitoring species populations close to the surface. Ultimately, a model that is fri endly to the environment in which the ROV operates is essential so the self-powering drones have been explored. Keywords Underwater Drone, Ocean, Remotely Operated Vehicles, UAV Introduction ROV’s are commonly referred to as an acronym for â€Å"Remotely operated vehicles†. ROV’s can be classified as one of two types of drones, Underwater ROVs and aerial UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). Similar principles allow for the similar technologies in such drones however the medium in which they operate differ. In each classification, drones such as AUVs (Autonomous underwater vehicles) do not require constant control from a human, but instead rely on prewritten algorithms. These algorithms make use of self-navigating equipment such as using sensors and radars to determine their location and perform functions with an accuracy dependent on the equipment on board. The extreme water pressure experienced at depths below a few hundred meters are enough to kill a human. ROV’s were developed to overcome the limitations of deep-sea divers where they have proven to be of much use in the gas and oil industries. The first form of a drone was the 1960’s HOV or Human Operated Vehicle. However basic, it demonstrated the very first development of drone technologies. It was the US Navy that funded and developed more of early ROV technologies through the 1960’s program Cable-Controlled Underwater Recovery Vehicle (CURV). This vehicle was created to be cable of performing sophisticated deep-sea rescue operations, such a  recovering black boxes from previously destroyed military aircraft and retrieving highly dangerous devices such as a nuclear weapons. The â€Å"CURV† removed any danger to the humans that operated them and was considered as a milestone in technology. However, many of the technologies incorporated into were develo ped for scientific research purposes. ROV’s today underwent development when drones were developed for scientific research purposes. These technologies include the addition of live streaming video cameras and lights sources, where it became easier for a ROV to be precisely controlled by an operator. Now in the 21st century, many components are commonly integrated to expand a vehicle’s capabilities. These may include mapping sonars, magnetometers and high resolution digital cameras, as well as more sophisticated tools such as instruments that can accurately determine water temperature, clarity and light penetration. Specialised drones may feature cutting arms or manipulators that can gather rock or flora samples for low depth environments ( Purpose of investigation The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether current technologies allow for the successful development of a deep sea ROV where data can be collected and redistributed live through the World Wide Web without costs being prohibitive. 2 Context: Parts of a ROV The ROV is commonly consists of 4 systems, each of which serve a specific function. 2.1.1 The Frame: The frame of a ROV serves as the primary skeleton of the vehicle. Often constructed beams, struts or plates as the frame bears the load of the water pressure. The frame often defines the overall shape of the ROV as mechanical and electrical components often need to be secured inside the frame for successful operation. This includes weights, pressure canisters, thrusters, floats, camera, lighting and other instruments like manipulator arm, sonar, scientific sensors, etc. ROV frames can be made from a range of materials including plastic composites and aluminum tubing and the choice is based on the developmental requirements of a ROV. Due to the highly saturated salt solution in the ocean, corrosion resistant materials with high strength and low density have been favorably considered. Since weight has to offset with buoyancy, this is critical. A well designed frame aims for easy repair if components are to fail, as well as a shape that will aid easy control. 2.1.2 Buoyancy System: A ROV owes its ability to stay afloat due to its buoyancy system. The principle to the floatation of an ROV is the attainment of neutral buoyancy of the ROV system as a whole. If neutral buoyancy is achieved, a ROV is capable of floating in water and can rise and descend when needed. There are many ways in which buoyancy can be achieved, the most simple being the attaching of floats to a ROV. In more sophisticated ROVs, a dedicated buoyancy system is incorporated into the design. A Ballast system is of two types, an active and static ballast system. An active Ballast system is more sophisticated as it can adapt to changes in weight of a system. A static ballast system is far less sophistical, where floats and other simply floating devise such as air filled cans provide a fixed buoyancy range beyond which the ROV will sink to the ocean floor. However, if the static ballast system has a fixed buoyancy too great, the ROV will never dive, no matter the thrust from a propulsion system. 2.1.3 Propulsion System: Thrust is required for the control of a ROV, which is provided by a propulsion system. The thrust produced should be more than the drag force acting on the system, thus a more aerodynamic design is advised. A range of propulsion systems have been developed, however the most common would be a combination of bilge pumps and underwater rotors to propel the craft. The motor inside a ROV should be adequate to propel the ROV forward, as well as stop it in a short time. High torque motors of 800-2000 RPM rotors are considered to be sufficient for underwater drones. The number of thrusters required is dependent on the functions a ROV will perform. It is known that the greater the number of thrusters, the more freedom in the movement of the ROV. The propeller attached can be a 3 blade or 5 blade depending on the speed and water density through which the ROV will traverse. Brushless DC motors are preferred over other types of motors due to the fact that they offer a hi gher efficiency, hence offering better control of a ROV’s speed. DC motors are often far cheaper than a similarly outputting AC motor. 2.1.4 The Electronic System The electronic system of the ROV encompasses the payload of the ROV. The ROV system should have a water tight enclosure for the electronic and electrical components. A variety of electrical components are used for a number of purpose such as driving power, lighting and video feed, etc. The wiring should be secure and watertight to ensure that the chances of water damage to electronics is kept to a minimal chance. The wiring is often kept far clear of the rotors to reduce any chance of entanglement. The video feed can either be stored on an on-board system or transferred to the control room via a tether or a however recent technological advancements are allowing for a wireless connection to the surface. The ROV often receives electrical commands through the same radio device as the video feed, whether it be wired or wireless. Micro Controllers are considered an ideal option for analogue control as development is not required for a new embedded PC board, hen ce lowering costs. The Arduino platform utilizes these micro controller boards and is an example of a cheap, but effective solution. These controllers allow for sensory data to be collected from various instruments. Some ROVs are designed to incorporate instruments where they are capable of performing a standard set of operations. The power source of a ROV is dependent on the depth it is required to travel. Low depth ROV’s are able to leave a power source on the surface and are powered by an electrical cable. However, a ROV designed to dive deep proves a long electrical cable impractical and therefore warrant onboard batteries with 5-12 Volts. A photovoltaic cell can be installed on the ROV and be used to recharge the battery when resurfacing.