The Relationship between Faith and Reason

â€Å"Faith and Reason resemble two wings on which the human soul ascends to the consideration of truth† Explain the threats for a scholar when confidence and reason are separated from one another. Use at any rate one case of a Christian instructing that shows the concordance of confidence and reason The amicability of confidence and reason are the grounds whereupon numerous Christian lessons are constructed. This relationship improves components of the two develops, anyway the peril of isolating explanation from confidence is that reason will try to demonstrate truly and most coherently which would make a definitive objective and question be lost in thought and, then again, isolating confidence from reason would make confidence be seen as insignificant tale or strange notion. The two must coordinate in equivalent combination all together for the human soul to ascend to the consideration of truth as proposed in the encyclical letter ‘Fides et Ratio’ by the late preeminent pontiff Pope John Paul II. Reason could be just characterized as the obvious end result drawn from strict events or the affirmed idea of a convention or practice. Anyway more components of Reason remain constant notwithstanding the possibility of something that can be ‘proven’. Reason is commonly comprehended as the principals for a methodological request, regardless of whether scholarly, good, tasteful or strict. 1 Any obtaining of scholarly information, through either direct understanding or contention is a portrayal of ‘reason’ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Hebrews 11:1 states that â€Å"faith is in effect certain about what we trust in and sure of what we don't see†. The premise of confidence is generally adjusted from the authority of disclosure whether that be immediate (God talking legitimately to an individual), or circuitous (books of the holy book, messages by clerics, and so on). Confidence portrays a trust in God and his vows to his kin. Pope John Paul II expressed that through Christian lessons, what people can't see or contact is affirmed by faith2 Pope John Paul II, not just tends to the misleading statements of present day rationalists, yet offers a cure by exhibiting reality of the Aristotelian or Tomistic perspective, demonstrating that confidence and science are in no way, shape or form in opposition to each other, yet that it’s fundamental for the movement of humanityâ€of any kindâ€that confidence and science (or reason) be utilized together. 3 The division of the two reason a disarray, recently experienced by thinkers, that areas confidence and science/reason as two separated substances. Survey this separation in its least difficult arrangement, the human scholar deduces that for one to be dedicated to God, and a strict being, they should dismiss all components of reason and submit exclusively to the ideas of confidence. On the other hand, one who might have confidence in a more noteworthy level of reason must be skeptic as any dismissal of God is characteristically a dismissal of confidence itself. As the world creates and people become increasingly educated, it gets difficult to deny certain realities; anyway this turns into a peril to every single strict network as by least complex suspecting, confiding in any proof is seen as a dismissal of trust in God. In this lies the threats for scholars; earlier obviously to John Paul II’s Fides et Ratio 2 3 Fides et Ratio, John Paul II Catholic Champion that recognizes that â€Å"reason and confidence can't be isolated without lessening the limit of people to know themselves, the world and God in a fitting way †¦There is subsequently no explanation behind rivalry of any sort among reason and confidence: each contains the other, and each has its own extension for action† As people, we should emotionally reason inside our own specific circumstances and established understandings of the world which we live, along these lines this will assist us with taking part in our confidence to comprehend the world we watch. 4 Noticeably it tends to be comprehended that confidence, convention and thinking are entwined inside each other, you can't have one without the other and every one of the 3 components are fundamental segments in understanding and living ones confidence. The agreement of confidence and reason is best observed through the narrative of creation. â€Å"By confidence we comprehend that the universe was framed at God’s order, with the goal that what is seen was not made out of what was visible†5. This entry features the noteworthiness of the commitments from both confidence and reason through Genesis and the early books of the holy book to the legitimacy of conviction. Plato had a go at clarifying man’s position on the planet and the start within recent memory through the purposeful anecdote of the austere cavern. In the least complex structure, the cavern presents the setting whereupon a play of shadows happens. The men in the cavern watch this play being executed from a light source as the main reality they know. While gossipy tidbits flare of an outside ‘world’ the play proceeds, and ‘reason’ makes hypothesis over what is going to occur straightaway and speculations are created with respect to the reason. After some time, reason will clarify most parts of the show, however would just hold 4 5 Fides et Ratio, John Paul II 94 Hebrews 11:3 vidence enough to comprehend the soonest snapshots of the show. To arrive at full truth, confidence should be acquainted with really put stock in the underlying wellspring of light. Besides to the possibility, confidence and reason question what occurs if the light sources goes out; for the play won't â€Å"die† as death is just a comprehended component of the play. Nobody was around at the hour of creation and nobody has an immediate information on what occurred; so reason can't affirm whether God did it. In any case, reason recommends that the universe is working and in this way more likely than not had a start. It is complicatedly planned, from the fundamental laws of material science to the mind boggling unpredictability of the human cerebrum. Regardless of whether an individual glances at the excellence and shouts, â€Å"There must be a God! † or whether that individual needs to plunk down and compute the likelihood of these things occurring by some coincidence, the finish of the fair searcher is that nature doesn't account for itself. Moreover the sensible confidence in Genesis 1:1, â€Å"In the starting God made the Heavens and the Earth† is a sheer advance of confidence instead of an ignorant cut in obscurity. The thoughts and hypotheses of past rationalists have extraordinarily influenced the separation among confidence and reason anyway John Paul II’s Fides et Ratio has altogether helped the congregation and her kin comprehend and feel good with the idea of a ‘circle’ holding the two substances together in a solid association where one feeds off the other. Scholars face a peril when figuring restricted to the late pope’s conversation as the idea draws inconsistencies and disarray from devotees that prompts the suspicion that they are not exactly loyal according to God for thinking about sensible and demonstrated proof. Olsen, Ross Faith and Reason: What is the Relationship?

Laser Tattoo Removal Essay Example

Laser Tattoo Removal Paper My crowd will comprehend the historical backdrop of tattoo evacuation just as how cutting edge laser tattoo expulsion functions and the best contender for laser tattoo evacuation. Theme: Strategy: Explanation. Limited: (1) History of tattoo expulsion; (2) How laser tattoo evacuation works; (3) Laser tattoo evacuation results Ethos: Primary: I am an Aesthetician and work for Dr. Imprint Taylor. Tattoo expulsion is one of the most widely recognized laser medications we perform every day at the Gateway Esthetic Institute.Secondary: I refer to different references in addition to photographs and a video of the technique being done (if time permits). Crowd Assessment: A determination of my crowd in all probability has had a tattoo or known somebody with a tattoo that they do not need anymore. I will additionally teach my crowd on the tattoo evacuation procedure and who the best possibility for the system is. Adjustment to Audience: Many crowd individuals either have tattoos or have conside red getting a tattoo, however what they aren’t mindful of is the way toward getting a tattoo removed.I will utilize pictures just as data from the dermatologist I work with to instruct the crowd of what they can anticipate from the tattoo expulsion process. Opening Strategy (snare): Informative Key Word Outline: Laser Tattoo Removal Introduction Hook:It may have appeared to be a smart thought at first, however years, months or even perhaps just a couple of hours after the fact the lament is settling in and you are asking yourself â€Å"what would i say i was thinking, getting a tattoo? † Maybe it’s he situation you are discontent with, or conceivable the shading or picture, whatever it might be making you reexamine your â€Å"brilliant† thought, you aren’t alone. As per WebMD it is evaluated that near 10% of the U. S. populace has a type of tattoo, and in the end the same number of as half of them need it evacuated. Fortunate for that half of indiv iduals, with the new laser tattoo evacuation strategies, specialists can help individuals of any age free themselves of something that they no longer need on their bodies. I will currently clarify the history, procedure and reactions and consequences of laser tattoo removal.Thesis: Most of us know the way toward getting a tattoo, yet what we aren’t as acquainted with is the way toward getting a tattoo expelled. I will clarify the history, procedure and reactions and consequences of laser tattoo evacuation. See: †¢ How tattoos were expelled before laser tattoo evacuation was created †¢ How does laser tattoo expulsion work †¢ What are the reactions and consequences of tattoo expulsion Transition: To investigate the long history of tattoo evacuation, I talked with dermatologist Dr. Imprint Taylor at the Gateway Esthetic Institute. Body: I.Dr. Imprint Taylor says that tattoo evacuation goes back to antiquated Egyptian occasions; anyway in present day society, up un til the most recent decade, tattoo expulsion was frequently difficult and left unattractive scarring. A. The accompanying tattoo evacuation forms occurred before laser tattoo expulsion came around. 1. Removing the skin containing the tattoo ink-which now and then is as yet done if the tattoo can not be treated with the laser. 2. Dermabrasion Salabrasion-sanding/sanding salting of the skin-Historically this is the most well-known approach to evacuate a tattoo.The thought being to damage the skin and afterward applying aggravations to draw out the tattoo ink. A quickly turning precious stone fraise wheel or a wire brush 3. Laser vaporization-wearing out the skin 4. Substance strips B. Side effects of tattoo expulsion without a laser 1. Dermabrasion has a high danger of scarring and loss of ordinary skin shade Severely difficult 2. Danger of disease 3. All strategies are difficult Transition: Now let’s investigate laser tattoo evacuation. Laser tattoo expulsion was at first perf ormed with nonstop frequency when it was first discharged on the market.It was then changed to a Q-Switched Laser (what is at present utilized), which opened up in the 90’s. II. How does the laser really evacuate tattoos A. The site howstuffworks. com sums up how the laser tattoo evacuation process functions in basic terms. The article depicts that the laser works by creating short beats of exceptional light that go innocuously through the top layers of the skin to be specifically consumed by the tattoo shade. 1. Laser Energy causes the tattoo shade to section into littler particles 2.The particles are later tidied up by the body’s common resistant procedure 3. Just color from the tattoo is focused with the laser-The skin encompassing the tattoo is safe 4. By and large, most tattoos can be expelled in 5-15 center visits B. In spite of the fact that it’s called tattoo expulsion, totally evacuating a tattoo can be troublesome. In the event that you’ve set t hat sweet section of verse on your neck or chest in dark or red ink, you’re in karma. In any case, the itty-bitty tweedy-winged animal tattoo on your foot or wrist in specific shades of green, purple or blue will be substantially more difficult. . Fluctuates with the sort of tattoo, the shade of the ink, the thickness of the color, the size and profundity of the tattoo, and the body’s response to the treatment. 2. Dark ink is commonly the most straightforward shading to treat. Multi-hued tattoos, particularly those with yellow and other irregular hues might be hard to totally evacuate 3. Tattoos closer to the heart with expanded blood flexibly, react all the more rapidly to treatment 4. On the off chance that you are going back and forth about saying so long to your exes name on your shoulder bone, it might profit you to hold up a touch of longer.According to dermatologist Dr. Will Kirby and furthermore visitor star on LA Ink says, more seasoned tattoo’s are sim pler to evacuate than fresh out of the box new ones. â€Å"Some individuals get a tattoo at 10 toward the beginning of the day and they need it evacuated by 11, however you’ve got the opportunity to hold up in any event a month and a half before your first laser treatment. † Transition: Now that we know about how laser tattoo evacuation functions, let’s examine the million dollar question, â€Å"does it hurt†, just as the pos-treatment contemplations. III. Does laser tattoo expulsion hurt? A. As per Dr. Imprint Taylor, the effect of the vitality from the laser’s owerful beat of light has been portrayed as like getting hot spots of bacon lubed on your skin or being snapped by a dainty elastic band. The quick heartbeats produced from the laser may feel distinctive to every patient. â€Å"The awful thing about tattoos is that both getting them and having them taken off can be awkward. † B. To additionally diminish the torment, the doctors sugge st one of the accompanying choices: 1. Topical sedative cream applied to the zone an hour prior to treatment 2. Nearby sedative infused into the tattoo preceding treatmentC. What occurs after laser evacuation is performed 1. Promptly following treatment, the tattoo will have a whitish appearance, build up some growing, rankling, and may have pinpoint draining 2. Anti-toxin balm and a swathe are applied 3. The treated zone will take around fourteen days to mend and will start to blur 4. You can look forward completing the agonizing strategy again in 4 two months D. Ordinarily the main genuine side effect’s to laser tattoo expulsion is fragmented evacuation of the tattoo just as the high cost of the treatment Conclusion:You may now ask yourself is getting a tattoo worth the cash and bother? It’s truly up to you. A few people truly make the most of their tattoos and save them forever, while others may lament that they followed up without much forethought and didn’t contemplate it before they got one. Presently you that you have a comprehension of the tattoo expulsion process you might have the option to settle on a more idea out choice, or on account of you previously having a tattoo you currently realize what goes in to getting it off! References: â€Å"Laser Tattoo Removal. † WebMD. 12 June 2012.

UK University Reputations Slipping

UK University Reputations Slipping The OE Blog According to the Times Higher Education magazine, the reputation of UK universities is already suffering from the onslaught of immense government cuts and trebled tuition fees. The rankings, compiled annually, rate universities worldwide according to their ‘reputation’ for academic excellence. The table, formed from the opinions of 17,000 academics, is an accurate indicator of the general perception of universities amongst the global academic community. This year it shows that international confidence in the academic excellence of British universities is already on the slide. Whilst Cambridge and Oxford Universities predictably manage to hang on to their third and sixth places respectively, no other UK universities feature in the top 10 and others that managed to reach the top 100 last year have slid rapidly down the rankings. This trend seems to confirm UK academics’ fears that whilst the budget cuts and tuition fees chaos would not affect the robust reputation of the elite Oxbridge two, other universities would not escape unscathed. In total just 10 UK universities remain in the top 100. London universities fared particularly badly, with Imperial College London and University College London both slipping down the rankings, whilst elsewhere the Universities of Bristol and Edinburgh, well respected in the UK, also fell to lower places. Meanwhile, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the University of Sheffield both dropped so low that they exited the rankings altogether. Chinese and Japanese universities leapt up the rankings along with several European countries such as Germany, whose higher education institutions have gone from strength to strength. The general consensus of academics analysing the table has been that these successful climbers owe their progress to increased investment in higher education, such as the German government’s ‘excellence initiative’. Meanwhile UK analysts painted a bleak picture of future academic prospects, with Wendy Piatt, director general of the elite Russell Group of universities pointing to budget cuts and the coalition government’s higher education policy as the reasons for our poor performance. Piatt told the Times Higher Education guide that “our global competitors…are pumping billions into higher education, and money really matters.” Other respected academic figures agreed, with University and College Union general secretary Sally Hunt warning that “secure and sustained funding” will be desperately needed by UK universities if they are to maintain their position alongside their global competitors.

The First Confiscation Act Of September 1862 - 1900 Words

With this knowledge Congress passed Major General Benjamin F. Butler quick thinking into a policy, the First Confiscation Act, in August of 1861 which stated that the federal government had authority to seize any property owned by the Confederates which included slaves. By March the following year, an Article of War was produced which prohibited any military or naval services from returning run-away or fugitive slaves to their respective masters, nullifying the Fugitive Acts all together. When the Second Confiscation Act was announced in July of 1862 it â€Å"declared ‘forever free’ Confederate-owned slaves who made their way to federal lines or who resided in rebellious territory that fell to federal forces† (Luke and Smith 2014, 14). Also in the bill, was the legitimisation of the â€Å"president to utilise ‘persons of African descent’ in any way that he considered ‘necessary and proper for the suppression of the rebellion’† (Luk e and Smith 2014, 14). Thus the Militia Act of July 1862, which â€Å"gave Lincoln carte blanche† (Luke and Smith 2014, 14) to make use of black resources. Although these acts were issued with the intention of blacks serving as military labour it gave way to many possibilities. The first to act on these possibilities was Major General Jon C. Frà ©mont, in August 1861, who emancipated the slaves of Missouri rebels. By late August, following him, but surpassing freeing slaves, â€Å"Republican U.S. senator and brigadier general James H. ‘Jim’ Lane, a Free-Soiler andShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1183 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Lizzy Cook HIS 103 17 November 2015 Before the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, the Civil War had been going on for two years. UNION VICTORIES The Emancipation Proclamation was signed on September 22, 1862, but it did not take effect until January 1, 1863 (Emancipation Proclamation 1863). This took place during the Civil War, which was fought between the Union States and the Confederate States of America. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves, becauseRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Civil War1030 Words   |  5 Pagesborder slave states would support abolition as a war aim. As a Republican, he wished to eliminate it from the territories as the first step to putting the institution â€Å"in the course of ultimate extinction.† But as president of the United States, Lincoln was destined by the Constitution that protected slavery in any state where citizens wanted it. In September of 1862, after the Union’s victory at Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary decree stating that, unless the rebellious states returned toRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation And Its Consequences1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rumour that he would mount an attack on slavery. At the outbreak of fighting, he pledged to restore the Union, but accept slavery where it existed , with Congress supporting his position via the Crittendon-Johnson Resolutions. However, during 1862 Lincoln was persuaded for a number of reasons that Negro emancipation as a war measure was both essential and sound. Public opinion seemed to be going that way, Negro slaves were helping the Southern war effort, and a string of defeats had left NorthernRead MoreSignificance And Impact Of The Emancipation Proclamation1658 Words   |  7 PagesBattle of Sharpsburg, was a key war battle that was very necessary to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, due to the major Union  ¨victory ¨ against th e Confederacy. The Battle of Antietam took place on September 17, 1862, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. This war was very significant because it was the first battle to take place on Union ground (Sears). In addition, this key war battle helped help give support to Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. For example, Historians at the Council of ForeignRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1258 Words   |  6 Pagesscouts. Later the U.S. Congress would admit Union troops to seize any property, which included enslaved Africans. This law was call the Confiscation Act, and allowed Africans that were being used, by the Confederates, to be free. Freeing Africans being used by the Confederates, ultimately gave President Lincoln an idea, to free all slaves. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln produced the Emancipation Proclamation. Once again, many people do not know the truth about history. The Emancipation ProclamationRead MoreLincoln s Rights Of Slavery1730 Words   |  7 Pagest hought he did not the given power to end slavery and furthermore because the constitution protected slavery, yet he interfered with this institution after his 1860 election. Though Lincoln had no plan â€Å"to interfere† with slavery when the war started, by 1862 Lincoln understood that in order to save the Union and win the war, he had authority as commander in chief to emancipate all the slaves in the Confederate States, where the states were in a status of rebellion. Abraham Lincoln naturally hated slaveryRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War960 Words   |  4 PagesMay 25, 1862 struck panic into the North. The battle took place at Winchester and the â€Å"Confederates drove Bank’s routed division in precipitate flight all the way across the Potomac into Maryland† (McPherson 42). The Confederates were led by â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson, who was known to be very intelligent and sneaky while the Union was being led by Nathaniel Banks who was a â€Å"political general†. Also, one topic that is very crucial to the Civil War is slavery. 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Although by 1862, when slaves went up North, Lincoln was persuaded that abolishment of slavery was essential to the USâ€℠¢s plan and how the military came about in this war strategically, along with what was morally right. Issuing the Emancipation Proclamation was a long and complicated process that it was issued more than once. On September 22, 1862 Lincoln issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that as of JanuaryRead MoreAbraham Lincoln vs the Radical Republicans Essay2594 Words   |  11 PagesWhen Missouri, part of the acquisition of land from the French admitted itself into the Union in the year 1819, the state requested the right to be a slave state. Congress responded negatively to Missouri’s request of being a slave state, and for the first time since the drafting of the Declaration of Independence the issue of slavery was greatly debated. A New Hampshire representative commented on how crucial the Missouri decision was, stating â€Å"An opportunity is now presented, if not to diminish, at

Financial Analysis Of Vtb Bank Russia Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4852 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? VTB Bank is the largest financial institution in Russia. It is the main entity of the VTB Group, a leading universal Russian banking group offering a wide range of banking products and services in Russia, the CIS, Western Europe, Africa and Asia. In 2007 disposable household income grew by 10.4%. The average salary reached RUB 13,527; its real growth was 16.2%. These indicators are reflected in the development of the banking sector. Positive economic trends and rising household income led to increased activity of Russian citizens on financial markets. VTB was in a strong position Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Analysis Of Vtb Bank Russia Finance Essay" essay for you Create order to meet this growing demand as witnessed by the positive growth in all key areas of the Banks business. Last year the Russian economy faced a series of problems. First and foremost, the most pressing problem was inflation, which was tied to a significant degree, to the rising prices for certain goods on world markets. Our country, which is already highly integrated into the global economy, felt the effect of the negative developments in the economy. Thanks to effective delivery of its strategy, VTB managed to neutralize the consequences of these trends and significantly decrease the level of macroeconomic risks. The outcome of these efforts is VTBs impressive results, which are reflected in this report. The key indicators of banking activity in Russia allow us to characterize 2007 as a very successful year for the banking sector. The rate of growth of most indicators was the highest in recent years. Banking sector assets grew by 44.1%, while the rate of capital growth was 57.8%. Even in this context, VTBs success stands out. Its growth significantly outstripped the market average. For example, VTBs assets grew by 76.7% due mainly to the IPO carried out this year, the largest among European banks in 2007. VTBs contribution to the development of the banking sector and the Russian economy, as a whole, is increasing with every year. VTB is among the leaders in virtually all spheres of financial activity, and is one of the fastest growing banking groups in the country. Key Financial Operational Indicators: Financial Results I n t e r e s t i n c o m e 1 9 6 6 5 5 3 0 I n t e r e s t e x p e n s e 1 9 ( 3 4 5 ) ( 1 8 2 ) ( P r o v i s i o n f o r ) r e l e a s e o f l o a n i m p a i r m e n t 7 , 8 ( 7 8 ) 3 6 G a i n s l e s s l o s s e s a r i s i n g f r o m t r a d i n g s e c u r i t i e s 1 0 5 3 6 G a i n s l e s s l o s s e s a r i s i n g f r o m i n v e s t m e n t s e c u r i t i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r s a l e 1 0 5 1 6 8 G a i n s l e s s l o s s e s a r i s i n g f r o m d e a l i n g i n f o r e i g n c u r r e n c i e s 3 4 1 7 G a i n s l e s s l o s s e s f r o m d e r i v a t i v e f i n a n c i a l i n s t r u m e n t s 2 7 2 4 7 F o r e i g n e x c h a n e t r a n s l a t i o n g a i n s l e s s l o s s e s 2 2 ( 2 3 ) F e e a n d c o m m i s s i o n i n c o m e 2 0 7 4 4 4 F e e a n d c o m m i s s i o n e x p e n s e 2 0 ( 6 ) ( 6 ) O t h e r o p e r a t i n g i n c o m e 2 1 6 1 2 0 O p e r a t i n g e x p e n s e s 2 2 ( 3 9 1 ) ( 2 6 3 ) I n c o m e t a x b e n e f i t ( e x p e n s e ) 2 3 1 7 ( 1 0 6 ) M i n o r i t y i n t e r e s t 1 7 ( 2 3 ) ( 1 7 ) CAMELS ANALYSIS The banking sector has been undergoing a complex, but comprehensive phase of restructuring since 1991, with a view to make it sound, efficient, and at the same time forging its links firmly with the real sector for promotion of savings, investment and growth. Although a complete turnaround in banking sector performance is not expected till the completion of reforms, signs of improvement are visible in some indicators under the CAMEL framework. Under this bank is required to enhance capital adequacy, strengthen asset quality, improve management, increase earnings and reduce sensitivity to various financial risks. The almost simultaneous nature of these developments makes it difficult to disentangle the positive impact of reform measures. Keeping this in mind, signs of improvements and deteriorations are discussed for the three groups of scheduled banks in the following sections. CAMELS Framework Supervisory framework, consistent with international norms, covers risk-monitoring factors for evaluating the performance of banks. This framework involves the analyses of six groups of indicators reflecting the health of financial institutions. The indicators are as follows: CAPITAL ADEQUACY ASSET QUALITY MANAGEMENT SOUNDNESS EARNINGS PROFITABILITY LIQUIDITY SENSITIVITY TO MARKET RISK The whole banking scenario has changed in the very recent past on the recommendations of Narasimham Committee. Further BASELL II Norms were introduced to internationally standardize processes and make the banking industry more adaptive to the sensitive market risks. The fact that banks work under the most volatile conditions and the banking industry as such in the booming phase makes it an interesting subject of study. Amongst these reforms and restructuring the CAMELS Framework has its own contribution to the way modern banking is looked up on now. The attempt here is to see how various ratios have been used and interpreted to reveal a banks performance and how this particular model encompasses a wide range of parameters making it a widely used and accepted model in todays scenario. Capital Adequacy Capital base of financial institutions facilitates depositors in forming their risk perception about the institutions. Also, it is the key parameter for financial managers to maintain adequate levels of capitalization. Moreover, besides absorbing unanticipated shocks, it signals that the institution will continue to honor its obligations. The most widely used indicator of capital adequacy is capital to risk-weighted assets ratio (CRWA). According to Bank Supervision Regulation Committee (The Basle Committee) of Bank for International Settlements, a minimum 8 percent CRWA is required. Capital adequacy ultimately determines how well financial institutions can cope with shocks to their balance sheets. Thus, it is useful to track capital-adequacy ratios that take into account the most important financial risks-foreign exchange, credit, and interest rate risks-by assigning risk weightings to the institutions assets. A Capital Adequacy Ratio is a measure of a banks capital. It is expressed as a percentage of a banks risk weighted credit exposures. Also known as Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR). Capital adequacy is measured by the ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets (CRAR). A sound capital base strengthens confidence of depositors. This ratio is used to protect depositors and promote the stability and efficiency of financial systems around the world. Capital Adequacy ratio: For year 2007, 2005, 2004 2003 was 14.5%, 14.1%, 12.0% 19.6% respectively which are exceeded minimum 8% recommended by Basel Accord. Asset Quality: Asset quality determines the robustness of financial institutions against loss of value in the assets. The deteriorating value of assets, being prime source of banking problems, directly pour into other areas, as losses are eventually written-off against capital, which ultimately jeopardizes the earning capacity of the institution. With this backdrop, the asset quality is gauged in relation to the level and severity of non-performing assets, adequacy of provisions, recoveries, distribution of assets etc. Popular indicators include non-performing loans to advances, loan default to total advances, and recoveries to loan default ratios. The solvency of financial institutions typically is at risk when their assets become impaired, so it is important to monitor indicators of the quality of their assets in terms of overexposure to specific risks, trends in nonperforming loans, and the health and profitability of bank borrowers- especially the corporate sector. Share of bank assets in the aggregate financial sector assets: In most emerging markets, banking sector assets comprise well over 80 per cent of total financial sector assets, whereas these figures are much lower in the developed economies. Furthermore, deposits as a share of total bank liabilities have declined since 1990 in many developed countries, while in developing countries public deposits continue to be dominant in banks. In India, the share of banking assets in total financial sector assets is around 75 per cent, as of end-March 2008. There is, no doubt, merit in recognizing the importance of diversification in the institutional and instrument-specific a spects of financial intermediation in the interests of wider choice, competition and stability. However, the dominant role of banks in financial intermediation in emerging economies and particularly in India will continue in the medium-term; and the banks will continue to be special for a long time. In this regard, it is useful to emphasis the dominance of banks in the developing countries in promoting non-bank financial intermediaries and services including in development of debt-markets. Even where role of banks is apparently diminishing in emerging markets, substantively, they continue to play a leading role in non-banking financing activities, including the development of financial markets. One of the indicators for asset quality is the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans (GNPA). The gross non-performing loans to gross advances ratio is more indicative of the quality of credit decisions made by bankers. Higher GNPA is indicative of poor credit decision-making. NPA: Non-Performing Assets Advances are classified into performing and non-performing advances (NPAs) as per RBI guidelines. NPAs are further classified into sub-standard, doubtful and loss assets based on the criteria stipulated by RBI. An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the Bank. An NPA is a loan or an advance where: Interest and/or installment of principal remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a term loan; The account remains out-of-order in respect of an Overdraft or Cash Credit (OD/CC); The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in case of bills purchased and discounted; A loan granted for short duration crops will be treated as an NPA if the installments of principal or interest thereon remain overdue for two crop seasons; and A loan granted for long duration crops will be treated as an NPA if the installments of principal or interest thereon remain overdue for one crop season. The Bank classifies an account as an NPA only if the interest imposed during any quarter is not fully repaid within 90 days from the end of the relevant quarter. This is a key to the stability of the banking sector. There should be no hesitation in stating that Indian banks have done a remarkable job in containment of non-performing loans (NPL) considering the overhang issues and overall difficult environment. For 2008, the net NPL ratio for the Indian scheduled commercial banks at 2.9 per cent is ample testimony to the impressive efforts being made by our banking system. In fact, recovery management is also linked to the banks interest margins. The cost and recovery management supported by enabling legal framework hold the key to future health and competitiveness of the Indian banks. No doubt, improving recovery-management in India is an area requiring expeditious and effective actions in legal, institutional and judicial processes. Management Soundness Management of financial institution is generally evaluated in terms of capital adequacy, asset quality, earnings and profitability, liquidity and risk sensitivity ratings. In addition, performance evaluation includes compliance with set norms, ability to plan and react to changing circumstances, technical competence, leadership and administrative ability. In effect, management rating is just an amalgam of performance in the above-mentioned areas. Sound management is one of the most important factors behind financial institutions performance. Indicators of quality of management, however, are primarily applicable to individual institutions, and cannot be easily aggregated across the sector. Furthermore, given the qualitative nature of management, it is difficult to judge its soundness just by looking at financial accounts of the banks. Nevertheless, total expenditure to total income and operating expense to total expense helps in gauging the management quality of the banking institutions. Sound management is key to bank performance but is difficult to measure. It is primarily a qualitative factor applicable to individual institutions. Several indicators, however, can jointly serve-as, for instance, efficiency measures do-as an indicator of management soundness. The ratio of non-interest expenditures to total assets (MGNT) can be one of the measures to assess the working of the management. . This variable, which includes a variety of expenses, such as payroll, workers compensation and training investment, reflects the management policy stance. Efficiency Ratios demonstrate how efficiently the company uses its assets and how efficiently the company manages its operations. Asset Turnover Ratio=Revenue/ Total Assets Indicates the relationship between assets and revenue. Things to remember Companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, those with high profit margins have low asset turnover it indicates pricing strategy. This ratio is more useful for growth companies to check if in fact they are growing revenue in proportion to sales. Asset Turnover Analysis: This ratio is useful to determine the amount of sales that are generated from each dollar of assets. As noted above, companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Earnings Profitability Earnings and profitability, the prime source of increase in capital base, is examined with regards to interest rate policies and adequacy of provisioning. In addition, it also helps to support present and future operations of the institutions. The single best indicator used to gauge earning is the Return on Assets (ROA), which is net income after taxes to total asset ratio. Strong earnings and profitability profile of banks reflects the ability to support present and future operations. More specifically, this determines the capacity to absorb losses, finance its expansion, pay dividends to its shareholders, and build up an adequate level of capital. Being front line of defense against erosion of capital base from losses, the need for high earnings and profitability can hardly be overemphasized. Although different indicators are used to serve the purpose, the best and most widely used indicator is Return on Assets (ROA). However, for in-depth analysis, another indicator Net Interest Margins (NIM) is also used. Chronically unprofitable financial institutions risk insolvency. Compared with most other indicators, trends in profitability can be more difficult to interpret-for instance, unusually high profitability can reflect excessive risk taking. ROA-Return On Assets An indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.ÂÂ  ROA gives an ideaÂÂ  as to how efficientÂÂ  management isÂÂ  at using its assets to generate earnings.ÂÂ  Calculated by dividing a companys annual earnings by its total assets, ROA is displayed as a percentage. Sometimes this is referred to as return on investment. The formula for return on assets is: ROAÂÂ  tells what earnings were generated from invested capital (assets). ROA for public companies can vary substantially and will be highly dependent on the industry. This is why when using ROA as a comparative measure,ÂÂ  it is best to compare it againstÂÂ  a companysÂÂ  previous ROA numbers or the ROA of a similar company.ÂÂ   The assets of the company are comprised of both debt and equity. Both of these types of financing are used to fund the operations of the company. The ROA figure gives investors an ideaÂÂ  of how effectively the company is converting the moneyÂÂ  it hasÂÂ  to invest into net income. The higher the ROA number, the better, because the company is earning more money on less investment. For example, if one company has a net income of $1 millionÂÂ  and totalÂÂ  assets of $5 million, its ROA is 20%; however, if another company earns the same amount but has total assets of $10 million,ÂÂ  it hasÂÂ  an ROA of 10%. Based on this example, the first companyÂÂ  is better at converting its investment into profit. When you really think about it,ÂÂ  managements most important job is to make wise choicesÂÂ  in allocatingÂÂ  its resources. Anybody can make a profit by throwing a ton of money at a problem, butÂÂ  very few managers excel at maki ng large profits with little investment Liquidity An adequate liquidity position refers to a situation, where institution can obtain sufficient funds, either by increasing liabilities or by converting its assets quickly at a reasonable cost. It is, therefore, generally assessed in terms of overall assets and liability management, as mismatching gives rise to liquidity risk. Efficient fund management refers to a situation where a spread between rate sensitive assets (RSA) and rate sensitive liabilities (RSL) is maintained. The most commonly used tool to evaluate interest rate exposure is the Gap between RSA and RSL, while liquidity is gauged by liquid to total asset ratio. Initially solvent financial institutions may be driven toward closure by poor management of short-term liquidity. Indicators should cover funding sources and capture large maturity mismatches. The term liquidity is used in various ways, all relating to availability of, access to, or convertibility into cash. An institution is said to have liquidity if it can easily meet its needs for cash either because it has cash on hand or can otherwise raise or borrow cash. A market is said to be liquid if the instruments it trades can easily be bought or sold in quantity with little impact on market prices. An asset is said to be liquid if the market for that asset is liquid. The common theme in all three contexts is cash. A corporation is liquid if it has ready access to cash. A market is liquid if participants can easily convert positions into cash-or conversely. An asset is liquid if it can easily be converted to cash. The liquidity of an institution depends on: the institutions short-term need for cash; cash on hand; available lines of credit; the liquidity of the institutions assets; The institutions reputation in the marketplace-how willing will counterparty is to transact trades with or lend to the institution? The liquidity of a market is often measured as the size of its bid-ask spread, but this is an imperfect metric at best. More generally, Kyle (1985) identifies three components of market liquidity: Tightness is the bid-ask spread; Depth is the volume of transactions necessary to move prices; Resiliency is the speed with which prices return to equilibrium following a large trade. Examples of assets that tend to be liquid include foreign exchange; stocks traded in the Stock Exchange or recently issued Treasury bonds. Assets that are often illiquid include limited partnerships, thinly traded bonds or real estate. Cash maintained by the banks and balances with central bank, to total asset ratio (LQD) is an indicator of banks liquidity. In general, banks with a larger volume of liquid assets are perceived safe, since these assets would allow banks to meet unexpected withdrawals. Credit deposit ratio is a tool used to study the liquidity position of the bank. It is calculated by dividing the cash held in different forms by total deposit. A high ratio shows that there is more amounts of liquid cash with the bank to met its clients cash withdrawals. Sensitivity To Market Risk It refers to the risk that changes in market conditions could adversely impact earnings and/or capital. Market Risk encompasses exposures associated with changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices, etc. While all of these items are important, the primary risk in most banks is interest rate risk (IRR), which will be the focus of this module. The diversified nature of bank operations makes them vulnerable to various kinds of financial risks. Sensitivity analysis reflects institutions exposure to interest rate risk, foreign exchange volatility and equity price risks (these risks are summed in market risk). Risk sensitivity is mostly evaluated in terms of managements ability to monitor and control market risk. Banks are increasingly involved in diversified operations, all of which are subject to market risk, particularly in the setting of interest rates and the carrying out of foreign exchange transactions. In countries that allow banks to make trades in stock markets or commodity exchanges, there is also a need to monitor indicators of equity and commodity price risk. Interest Rate Risk Basics In the most simplistic terms, interest rate risk is a balancing act. Banks are trying to balance the quantity of repricing assets with the quantity of repricing liabilities. For example, when a bank has more liabilities repricing in a rising rate environment than assets repricing, the net interest margin (NIM) shrinks. Conversely, if your bank is asset sensitive in a rising interest rate environment, your NIM will improve because you have more assets repricing at higher rates. An extreme example of a repricing imbalance would be funding 30-year fixed-rate mortgages with 6-month CDs. You can see that in a rising rate environment the impact on the NIM could be devastating as the liabilities reprice at higher rates but the assets do not. Because of this exposure, banks are required to monitor and control IRR and to maintain a reasonably well-balanced position. Liquidity risk is financial risk due to uncertain liquidity. An institution might lose liquidity if its credit rating falls, it experiences sudden unexpected cash outflows, or some other event causes counterparties to avoid trading with or lending to the institution. A firm is also exposed to liquidity risk if markets on which it depends are subject to loss of liquidity. Liquidity risk tends to compound other risks. If a trading organization has a position in an illiquid asset, its limited ability to liquidate that position at short notice will compound its market risk. Suppose a firm has offsetting cash flows with two different counterparties on a given day. If the counterparty that owes it a payment defaults, the firm will have to raise cash from other sources to make its payment. Should it be unable to do so, it too we default. Here, liquidity risk is compounding credit risk. Accordingly, liquidity risk has to be managed in addition to market, credit and other risks. Because of its tendency to compound other risks, it is difficult or impossible to isolate liquidity risk. In all but the most simple of circumstances, comprehensive metrics of liquidity risk dont exist. Certain techniques of asset-liability management can be applied to assessing liquidity risk. If an organizations cash flows are largely contingent, liquidity risk may be assessed using some form of scenario analysis. Construct multiple scenarios for market movements and defaults over a given period of time. Assess day-to-day cash flows under each scenario. Because balance sheets differed so significantly from one organization to the next, there is little standardization in how such analyses are implemented. Regulators are primarily concerned about systemic implications of liquidity risk. Business activities entail a variety of risks. For convenience, we distinguish between different categories of risk: market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, etc. Although such categorization is convenient, it is only informal. Usage and definitions vary. Boundaries between categories are blurred. A loss due to widening credit spreads may reasonably be called a market loss or a credit loss, so market risk and credit risk overlap. Liquidity risk compounds other risks, such as market risk and credit risk. It cannot be divorced from the risks it compounds. An important but somewhat ambiguous distinguish is that between market risk and business risk. Market risk is exposure to the uncertain market value of a portfolio. Business risk is exposure to uncertainty in economic value that cannot be marked-to-market. The distinction between market risk and business risk parallels the distinction between market-value accounting and book-value accounting. The distinction between market risk and business risk is ambiguous because there is a vast gray zone between the two. There are many instruments for which markets exist, but the markets are illiquid. Mark-to-market values are not usually available, but mark-to-model values provide a more-or-less accurate reflection of fair value. Do these instruments pose business risk or market risk? The decision is important because firms employ fundamentally different techniques for managing the two risks. Business risk is managed with a long-term focus. Techniques include the careful development of business plans and appropriate management oversight. book-value accounting is generally used, so the issue of day-to-day performance is not material. The focus is on achieving a good return on investment over an extended horizon. Market risk is managed with a short-term focus. Long-term losses are avoided by avoiding losses from one day to the next. On a tactical level, traders and portfolio managers employ a variety of risk metrics -duration and convexity, the Greeks, beta, etc.-to assess their exposures. These allow them to identify and reduce any exposures they might consider excessive. On a more strategic level, organizations manage market risk by applying risk limits to traders or portfolio managers activities. Increasingly, value-at-risk is being used to define and monitor these limits. Some organizations also apply stress testing to their portfolios. Profitability Ratios Million US $ No Description 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Trends 1 Net Worth 2194 2478 2709 5269 6992 16501 ÂÂ   2 Profit After Tax 278 287 208 511 1179 1514 ÂÂ   3 Total Assets 7272 11228 17810 36723 52403 92609 ÂÂ   4 Interest Income 530 665 1049 1759 3606 5387 ÂÂ   5 Interest Expenses 182 345 475 920 1892 2831 ÂÂ   6 Deposits 3722 6071 9278 19396 27575 51892 ÂÂ   7 Borrowings 694 707 1729 2937 4468 5176 ÂÂ   8 Non-Interest Income 419 263 546 779 1538 1702 ÂÂ   9 Net Interest Income 348 320 574 839 1,714 2,556 ÂÂ   10 Operating Expenses 263 391 628 850 2011 1460 ÂÂ   11 Provision Against NPAs ÂÂ   ÂÂ   196 103 442 526 ÂÂ   1 Return on Equity = (2/1) 12.67% 11.58% 7.68% 9.70% 16.86% 9.18% 3.08 2 Return on Assets = (2/3) 3.82% 2.56% 1.17% 1.39% 2.25% 1.63% 2.92 3 Net Interest Margin = (4-5)/3 4.79% 2.85% 3.22% 2.28% 3.27% 2.76% 2.99 4 Interest Income Ratio = (4/3) 7.29% 5.92% 5.89% 4.79% 6.88% 5.82% 3.03 5 Interest Expense Ratio = 5 / (6+7) 4.12% 5.09% 4.32% 4.12% 5.90% 4.96% 3.05 6 Non-Interest Income Ratio = (8/9) 120.40% 82.19% 95.12% 92.85% 89.73% 66.59% 2.91 7 Operating Expense Ratio = (10) / (8+9) 34.29% 67.07% 56.07% 52.53% 61.84% 34.29% 2.78 8 NPA Provision Ratio = (11/9) 0.00% 0.00% 34.15% 12.28% 25.79% 20.58% 3.35 Mostly flat or declining Trend Few Financial Data Analysis 2003 2002 2001 Assets increased to US$92,609 million, up 76.7% from 2006, and net loans and advances to customers increased to US$58,549 million, up 100.1% from 2006. The proportion of the net loan portfolio to total assets has increased to 63.2% from 55.8% in 2006. At the same time as we increase assets, we are maintaining a firm grip on credit quality. The share of overdue and rescheduled loans in the gross loan portfolio decreased to 1.4% by the end of 2007 from 2.1% at the end of 2006, while the provisioning rate decreased to 1.3% from 1.8%. Coverage of overdue and rescheduled loans by allowances for loan impairment stood at a comfortable level of 176.5% as of December 31, 2007. VTB Groups consolidated net profit for 2007 amounted to US$1,514 million, up 28.4% from 2006, as a result of strong loan portfolio growth. Core income, which includes net interest and fee and commission income before exceptional item, rose by 48.0% to US$ 3,056 million, reflecting strong growth throughout the Groups key strategic areas. Net interest income grew by US$842 million (49.2%), and net fee and commission income, adjusted for the IPO-related depositary appointment fee, grew by US$149 million (42.5%) compared to 2006. Net interest margin remained broadly stable at 4.4% with increased contribution from our retail business. Operating costs increased by 42.2% in 2007, reflecting the investment in growing the business, particularly in retail, as we rolled out the branch opening programme for VTB24. As a result our cost to income ratio increased to 53.6% from 50.8%, but this investment will help us achieve our long-term objectives. With a consolidated BIS Tier 1 capital of US$15,594 million, compared to US$6,357 million at December 31, 2006, and total BIS capital of US$16,978 million, compared to US$7,646 million at December 31, 2006, the bank has been able to continue to capitalise on its advantage in the fragmented domestic financial services market to win new customers and increase volumes. By the end of December 31, 2007, our total capital adequacy ratio was at 16% up from 14% one year ago. Given the current economic climate, VTBs strategy of diversifying its funding sources has been particularly important. With its strong brand and financial stability, VTB was able to increase customer deposits by 85.6% to US$37,098 million. Wholesale funding (which includes debt securities issued, other borrowed funds and subordinated debt) increased by 32.7% to US$ 22,836 million. In 2007, VTB successfully completed a number of planned funding transactions. Landmark fund raising deals include a Series 11 issue for EUR 1 billion, the largest Eurobond in EUR among Russian banks, and a Series 12 issue for GBP 300 million, the first ever GBP issue from Russia. Despite the uncertainty in the international financial markets in the second half of 2007, in October VTB issued a double-tranche Eurobond offering for the aggregate amount of US$2 billion within the new EMTN programme. This operation is the largest international Eurobond issuance by a Russian non-sovereign borrower. This issue received strong support from the international investment community in a number of different financial markets, demonstrating confidence among international investors in the strength of VTBs credit, and the stability of the Russian banking sector.

Haiti Earthquake Free Essays

Hope for children of Haiti On January 12 2010 a devastating tragedy occurred in our world. The beautiful country of Haiti was struck by a 7. 0 magnitude earthquake that changed the country and the lives of people living in Haiti. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti Earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now This earthquake stuck Haiti before five pm and was centred about 10 miles south east of port – au – prince which is the capital city of Haiti. This earthquake is known as one of most powerful earthquakes of the century, that it was felt in eastern parts of Cuba. Prior to the earthquake, the people of Haiti are living eighty percent under the poverty line(Curler, 2010). In results of the earthquake in Haiti, Haiti has been left in poorer economic condition than before. Due to this natural disaster many innocent lives were taken away. The number of casualties kept increasing as the bodies of children were being discovered under the destroyed rumble. The death total at greater than 220 000 people after the earthquake(save the children federation, 2010). Prior to the earthquake Haiti already struggled with 15 of its children population already orphaned or abandoned. This earthquake has caused orphanages to overflow with children with lack of supplies and materials to care for them. They need clothing, food shelter and all the basics necessities to care for them. This tragedy was traumatizing to children because they are so innocent and have less understanding of what’s happened. Hundreds of thousands of children have been displaced which is likely to have increased their sense of anxiety and fear, especially as aftershocks continue and buildings, including schools, continue to collapse( save the children federation , 2010). Many lives have been saved, as well as many bodies recovered from the rubble. Although there were various doctors and rescue teams who flew to Port-au-Prince to aid the victims of the tragedy, aid did not reach those who were in dire need of it. The aftermath of the earthquake was not the only problem for the Haitians of Port-au -Prince. Port-au-Prince’s main prison was destructed by the earthquake leaving almost 4, 000 inmates, who survived the earthquake, roaming the streets â€Å"Rescue commander for Dominican Republic, Delfin Antonio Rodriguez stated, Our biggest problem is security Yesterday they tried to hijack some of our trucks. Today we were barely able to work in some places because of that. There’s looting and people with guns out there, because this country is very poor and people are desperate†(Rayner 2010). Rescuers had even been ordered to stop working when the night fell because of fear of being attacked. Children have been profoundly affected by the events they have witnessed and Seeing and feeling buildings collapse, familiar faces dead and piled up around what used to be a neighbourhood and never seeing loved ones again. Haiti may seem far away for many but they are us, our human race, in need. Please give generously to our cause. Resources Rayner, G (2010). Haiti earthquake, death toll may hit 200,000. Retrieved march 25, 2010, from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7003057/Haiti-earthquake-death-toll-may-hit-200000. html Simon, M Edvige ,J (2010). 7. 0 quake hits Haiti, serious loss of life. Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www. cnn. om/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti. earthquake/index. html Curly, R (2010). Information and Resources on the Port Au Prince, Haiti Earthquake . Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://gocaribbean. about. com/od/haiti/qt/Haitiearthquakeoverview2. htm Save the children federation inc(2010). Haiti Earthquake Children in Emergency . Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www. savethechildren. org/emergencies/latin-america-caribbean/haiti/earthquake-10/haiti-earthquake-children-in-emergency. html How to cite Haiti Earthquake, Papers Haiti Earthquake Free Essays Haiti Earthquake is one of the significant events that happened in 2010. The 7. 0 magnitude earthquake strikes Haiti on 13th January 2010, Wednesday. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti Earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now It destroyed Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince and many other residences. This 5th deadliest earthquake in the world killed over 100,000 Haitians and left many homeless or seriously injured. The dead were even buried in mass graves. Humanitarian aid, rescue and medical teams from all over the world gave their utmost help to Haiti immediately. On 22nd January, the search for survivors was then finally called off. Haiti Earthquake is caused mainly by natural causes. Haiti Earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. Therefore, according to a geophysicist, the two plates moved past each other and generated huge release of energy, causing the Haiti Earthquake. Not only the natural causes, Haiti’s location and environment also contributed to the earthquake. Based on research, 60% of Haiti’s buildings were unsound and Haiti often faced recurrent disasters like cyclone. Haiti also faced political instability as it is one of the poorest country in the western hemisphere and do not have good communication systems, ports and building style for earthquake resistance. Social causes like the schools and hospitals being unresilient to the earthquake and unprepared also caused the serious damage of Haiti. The Haiti Earthquake created a huge impact on Haiti’s economy. Haiti’s government had to spend approximately $7. 2 billion to $13. 2 billion on the rebuild of infrastructure. The earthquake also disrupted Haiti’s trade as the roads and ports were destroyed or strewn with dead bodies. Buildings, including the president’s palace and tax headquarters, were reduced to rubbles. Children were seen digging into the sea of corpses to look for their parents and the injured were pleading in vain for medical help. The worst thing was the main prison had collapsed, thus inmates escaped and brought greater danger to all Haitians. Countries from all over the world helped in giving aid to Haiti. For example, The UNISDR cooperated with Bill Clinton to build disaster risk reduction tools for Haiti. This helped to reduce the impact of future disasters that might happen to Haiti. Singapore’s government came up with US$50,000 for the Haitians. However, Singapore did not do much other than giving a mere amount of US$50,000. The government’s initial decision to send rescue teams to Haiti was also cancelled as they felt that it was too late and they could not make useful contributions. This made me felt disappointed s even Indonesia sent aid worth US$22 million and a team of volunteers to help out in Haiti. China was even among the first at the scene with sniffer dogs, medics and monitoring equipment. Not only that, teens from all over the world also helped out. Singapore students from Canberra Secondary School and Dunman High helped to raise funds for Haitians and gave to charity, Mercy Relief and also organized donation drives. City Harvest Church and CityCare organi sation even send two medical teams to Haiti. For every purchase made in shops like Espirit, a donation of US$1 was also given to Haiti. Famous Hollywood stars like Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie even went to Haiti personally to care for the Haitians and donated US$1 million to Doctor Without Borders. Judging from above, I personally think that the best solution is the building of disaster-risk tools. This will lessen the impact caused by disasters in the long run. Other solutions are also important but they were only temporary solutions. However, I felt that most importantly was to educate the Haitians on natural disasters as Haiti is very vulnerable to it. By continuously giving help to them, it is not an absolute solution. Perhaps countries who have faced these problems before could teach them the precautions to be taken, ways to calm down and act quickly but steadily when faced with disasters. Based on research, the supposedly more destructive Chilean Earthquake suffered lesser casualties than the Haiti Earthquake as they were well-prepared. The care and concern shown by everyone in the world would make the Haitians feel warm. The medical help provided by the medical and rescue teams were what Haitians needed the most. With the donations of many countries, Haitians definitely regained hope on rebuilding their homeland back. How to cite Haiti Earthquake, Papers

Haiti Earthquake Free Essays

Hope for children of Haiti On January 12 2010 a devastating tragedy occurred in our world. The beautiful country of Haiti was struck by a 7. 0 magnitude earthquake that changed the country and the lives of people living in Haiti. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti Earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now This earthquake stuck Haiti before five pm and was centred about 10 miles south east of port – au – prince which is the capital city of Haiti. This earthquake is known as one of most powerful earthquakes of the century, that it was felt in eastern parts of Cuba. Prior to the earthquake, the people of Haiti are living eighty percent under the poverty line(Curler, 2010). In results of the earthquake in Haiti, Haiti has been left in poorer economic condition than before. Due to this natural disaster many innocent lives were taken away. The number of casualties kept increasing as the bodies of children were being discovered under the destroyed rumble. The death total at greater than 220 000 people after the earthquake(save the children federation, 2010). Prior to the earthquake Haiti already struggled with 15 of its children population already orphaned or abandoned. This earthquake has caused orphanages to overflow with children with lack of supplies and materials to care for them. They need clothing, food shelter and all the basics necessities to care for them. This tragedy was traumatizing to children because they are so innocent and have less understanding of what’s happened. Hundreds of thousands of children have been displaced which is likely to have increased their sense of anxiety and fear, especially as aftershocks continue and buildings, including schools, continue to collapse( save the children federation , 2010). Many lives have been saved, as well as many bodies recovered from the rubble. Although there were various doctors and rescue teams who flew to Port-au-Prince to aid the victims of the tragedy, aid did not reach those who were in dire need of it. The aftermath of the earthquake was not the only problem for the Haitians of Port-au -Prince. Port-au-Prince’s main prison was destructed by the earthquake leaving almost 4, 000 inmates, who survived the earthquake, roaming the streets â€Å"Rescue commander for Dominican Republic, Delfin Antonio Rodriguez stated, Our biggest problem is security Yesterday they tried to hijack some of our trucks. Today we were barely able to work in some places because of that. There’s looting and people with guns out there, because this country is very poor and people are desperate†(Rayner 2010). Rescuers had even been ordered to stop working when the night fell because of fear of being attacked. Children have been profoundly affected by the events they have witnessed and Seeing and feeling buildings collapse, familiar faces dead and piled up around what used to be a neighbourhood and never seeing loved ones again. Haiti may seem far away for many but they are us, our human race, in need. Please give generously to our cause. Resources Rayner, G (2010). Haiti earthquake, death toll may hit 200,000. Retrieved march 25, 2010, from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7003057/Haiti-earthquake-death-toll-may-hit-200000. html Simon, M Edvige ,J (2010). 7. 0 quake hits Haiti, serious loss of life. Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www. cnn. om/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti. earthquake/index. html Curly, R (2010). Information and Resources on the Port Au Prince, Haiti Earthquake . Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://gocaribbean. about. com/od/haiti/qt/Haitiearthquakeoverview2. htm Save the children federation inc(2010). Haiti Earthquake Children in Emergency . Retrieved March 25, 2010, from http://www. savethechildren. org/emergencies/latin-america-caribbean/haiti/earthquake-10/haiti-earthquake-children-in-emergency. html How to cite Haiti Earthquake, Papers Haiti Earthquake Free Essays Haiti Earthquake is one of the significant events that happened in 2010. The 7. 0 magnitude earthquake strikes Haiti on 13th January 2010, Wednesday. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti Earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now It destroyed Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince and many other residences. This 5th deadliest earthquake in the world killed over 100,000 Haitians and left many homeless or seriously injured. The dead were even buried in mass graves. Humanitarian aid, rescue and medical teams from all over the world gave their utmost help to Haiti immediately. On 22nd January, the search for survivors was then finally called off. Haiti Earthquake is caused mainly by natural causes. Haiti Earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. Therefore, according to a geophysicist, the two plates moved past each other and generated huge release of energy, causing the Haiti Earthquake. Not only the natural causes, Haiti’s location and environment also contributed to the earthquake. Based on research, 60% of Haiti’s buildings were unsound and Haiti often faced recurrent disasters like cyclone. Haiti also faced political instability as it is one of the poorest country in the western hemisphere and do not have good communication systems, ports and building style for earthquake resistance. Social causes like the schools and hospitals being unresilient to the earthquake and unprepared also caused the serious damage of Haiti. The Haiti Earthquake created a huge impact on Haiti’s economy. Haiti’s government had to spend approximately $7. 2 billion to $13. 2 billion on the rebuild of infrastructure. The earthquake also disrupted Haiti’s trade as the roads and ports were destroyed or strewn with dead bodies. Buildings, including the president’s palace and tax headquarters, were reduced to rubbles. Children were seen digging into the sea of corpses to look for their parents and the injured were pleading in vain for medical help. The worst thing was the main prison had collapsed, thus inmates escaped and brought greater danger to all Haitians. Countries from all over the world helped in giving aid to Haiti. For example, The UNISDR cooperated with Bill Clinton to build disaster risk reduction tools for Haiti. This helped to reduce the impact of future disasters that might happen to Haiti. Singapore’s government came up with US$50,000 for the Haitians. However, Singapore did not do much other than giving a mere amount of US$50,000. The government’s initial decision to send rescue teams to Haiti was also cancelled as they felt that it was too late and they could not make useful contributions. This made me felt disappointed s even Indonesia sent aid worth US$22 million and a team of volunteers to help out in Haiti. China was even among the first at the scene with sniffer dogs, medics and monitoring equipment. Not only that, teens from all over the world also helped out. Singapore students from Canberra Secondary School and Dunman High helped to raise funds for Haitians and gave to charity, Mercy Relief and also organized donation drives. City Harvest Church and CityCare organi sation even send two medical teams to Haiti. For every purchase made in shops like Espirit, a donation of US$1 was also given to Haiti. Famous Hollywood stars like Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie even went to Haiti personally to care for the Haitians and donated US$1 million to Doctor Without Borders. Judging from above, I personally think that the best solution is the building of disaster-risk tools. This will lessen the impact caused by disasters in the long run. Other solutions are also important but they were only temporary solutions. However, I felt that most importantly was to educate the Haitians on natural disasters as Haiti is very vulnerable to it. By continuously giving help to them, it is not an absolute solution. Perhaps countries who have faced these problems before could teach them the precautions to be taken, ways to calm down and act quickly but steadily when faced with disasters. Based on research, the supposedly more destructive Chilean Earthquake suffered lesser casualties than the Haiti Earthquake as they were well-prepared. The care and concern shown by everyone in the world would make the Haitians feel warm. The medical help provided by the medical and rescue teams were what Haitians needed the most. With the donations of many countries, Haitians definitely regained hope on rebuilding their homeland back. How to cite Haiti Earthquake, Papers